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. 2025 Aug 23;192(9):618. doi: 10.1007/s00604-025-07473-7

Table 2.

Typical applications of nanoparticles in the pretreatment of biological samples for targeted metabolite derivatization

Nanoparticles Size Metabolites LOD Analytical instrument Samples Reference
mSiO2@azobenzene–COOH mSiO2 NPs: 70 nm Amino metabolites 20–500 pg/mL UHPLC-MS Human serum [67]
AuNPs/[Ph3PAu]3O + BF4ˉ  < 30 nm Neurotransmitters - MALDI-TOF–MS Mice brain tissue extracts [76]