Table 3.

Applications of nanoparticle-based stationary phases for chromatographic separation

Nanoparticles	Size (nm)	Phase	Metabolites	Separation-detection technique	Ref
AuNPs	15	Stationary	Hydrophobic alkylbenzenes	CEC-UV	[84]
AuNPs	15	Stationary	Hydrophobic, polar and basic compounds	CEC-DAD	[85]
AgNPs	40–80	Stationary	Sterols, fatty acid methyl esters, tocopherols, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons	CEC-DAD	[88]
AgNPs	5–10	Stationary	Aromatic hydrocarbons	HPLC–UV	[86]
Au-Fe3O4	100	Stationary	Dihydroxy benzene isomers	CE-UV	[87]
AuBNNT	AuNP: 10	Stationary	Benzene and naphthalene derivatives	HPLC–UV	[93]
AuNPs/GO	20	Stationary	Amino acids, nucleosides, and nucleobases	HPLC–UV HPLC-ELSD	[92]
Sil-Glc-CDs	Glc-CDs: 4.5	Stationary	Amino acids, saccharides, ginsenosides, nucleosides, and nucleobases	HPLC–DAD	[91]
NCDs	3.5	Stationary	Nucleosides, nucleobases, saccharides	HPLC–UV	[96]
GQDs	16–27	Stationary	Alkaloids, nucleosides, nucleobases	HPLC–UV	[90]
PPDCDs	5	Stationary	Amino acids, sugars, ginsenosides	HPLC–UV	[82]
ImCDs	3	Stationary	Bases, nucleosides, amino acids, saccharides, ginsenosides	HPLC–UV	[97]
Glc-NCDs	2.45	Stationary	Amino acids, ginsenosides, saccharides, nucleoside and base	HPLC–UV HPLC-ELSD	[89]

BNNT Boron nitride nanotubes, PPDCDs phenylenediamine-based carbon dots, ImCDs imidazolium ionic liquids-derived carbon dots. Nitrogen-doped, glucose-based carbon dots. GQDs graphene quantum dots