Table 4.

Applications of nanoparticle-based matrix for LDI-MS, SALDI-MS, and MALDI-MS detection

Nanoparticles	Size (nm)	Metabolites	LOD	Technique	NP Class	Detection mode	Reference
COF-V@Au	AuNPs: 20	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MS	COFs	Positive	[124]
CTO@Au	AuNPs: < 100	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MS	Metal oxides	Positive	[125]
Au@SiO2@ZrO2	85	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MS	Metal oxides	Positive	[123]
FeOOH@ZIF-8	ZIF-8 NPs: 50	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MS	MOFs	Positive	[133]
MOF/Pt	PtNPs: 8–10	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MS	MOFs	Positive	[134]
Bimetallic MOF-NPs	Zn-Co NPs: < 100	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MS	MOFs	Positive	[135]
ZrMOF/Au	87.7	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MS	MOFs	Positive	[126]
109 Ag and AuNPs	< 100	Carboxylic acids	Ag NPs: 13–13,056 ng/mL; AuNPs: 1625–19,562 ng/mL	LDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[113]
109 Ag	< 100	LMW compounds	-	LDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[103]
Au	30	LMW compounds	82 nM	LDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive/negative	[106]
Au nanoshells	AuNPs: 14	Amino acids, carbohydrates	3–30 pmol	LDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[107]
SiO2@Ag	AgNPs: 4	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[112]
109 Ag	< 100	Amino acids	0.4–300 ng/mL	LDI-MS, LDI-MSI	Noble metals	Positive	[121]
Au@MSN@Ag	AuNPs: 45	LMW compounds	5–100 fmol	LDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive/negative	[111]
Ag nanostructures	AgNPs: 50	LMW compounds	-	LDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive/negative	[114]
PdAu@Au	50	Metabolomics	10–50 µmol/L	LDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[108]
TiO2/MXene	TiO2 NPs: 42	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MSI	Metal oxides	Positive	[131]
PdPtAu	Au/Pd/Pt NPs: 50/30/10	Metabolomics	-	LDI-MSI	Noble metals	Positive	[127]
CDs	2–5 nm	Oligosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids	0.2–20 fmol	MALDI-MS	Carbon-based	Positive/negative	[136]
N,S-CDs	2–3	LMW compounds	-	MALDI-MS	Carbon-based	Negative	[137]
Bi2O3@GO	Bi2O3 NPs: 50	LMW compounds	-	MALDI-MS	Carbon-based	Negative	[138]
Fe3O4/ZrO2	100	Oxidized phospholipids	200 pM	MALDI-MS	Metal oxides	Positive/negative	[129]
MoS2/Ag	AgNPs: 9	Amino acids, fatty acids	0.5–5 pmol	MALDI-MS	Noble metals	Negative	[128]
GDs	6	Oligosaccharides	0.3–0.75 fmol	MALDI-MSI	Carbon-based	Positive/negative	[139]
Fe3O4/WO3/Ag	Fe3O4/WO3/Ag NPs: 11/65/20	Metabolomics	-	MALDI-MSI	Metal oxides	Positive/negative	[130]
Ag	6 nm	Lipids	-	MALDI-MSI	Noble metals	Positive/negative	[118]
PVP-capped Ag	AgNPs: 3.84	Lipids	0.5–5 μM	MALDI-MSI	Noble metals	Positive	[119]
AgNPs@PDA	95	Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids	-	MALDI-MSI	Noble metals	Positive/negative	[120]
Au/GDY	AuNPs: 52	Sulfacetamide and LMW compounds	-	SALDI-MS	Carbon-based	Positive	[122]
Fe3O4	39	Amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleosides	1030 μM	SALDI-MS	Metal oxides	Positive	[132]
Au	13	Urinary biomarkers	1.5–1.8 μM	SALDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[104]
Au	7	Amino acids	20–30 pmol/μL	SALDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[105]
Au@GMSN	70	LMW compounds	0.05–10 pmol	SALDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[109]
(AgNP/rGO)9	AgNP: 30	LMW compounds	-	SALDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive/negative	[110]
MTF-AuNP	AuNP: 13.7	Hydroxyproline	1–100 μM	SALDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[115]
109AgNPs	< 100	Mycotoxins	-	SALDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[116]
AuNPs	60	Crystal violet molecules	-	SALDI-MS	Noble metals	Positive	[117]

SLDI Soft laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, HMOHs hierarchical metal oxide heterojunctions, TMOHs trimetallic oxide heterojunctions, pSi porous silicon, NAPA nanopost arrays, TCSI-MS tip-contact sampling/ionization, HCNFs homogeneous carbon nanosphere film-spot, Co-NC Co-incorporated mesoporous carbon material, CNF carbon nanofibers, GDY graphdiyne