| Follicular development in buffalo is regulated by stage-specific expression of growth-related genes (BMP15, GDF9, OCT4, FGFR2) and oxidative stress markers. Smaller follicles show higher oxidative stress and distinct gene expression profiles, while larger follicles exhibit enhanced antioxidant activity and upregulation of key developmental genes. These molecular patterns may inform strategies to improve ovarian response and reproductive outcomes in assisted reproduction. |
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