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. 2025 Jul 16;130(7):3313–3347. doi: 10.1007/s11192-025-05352-9

Table 7.

Estimations of multi-level analysis

	Change in IPRs protection
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3: autocorrelation
Prefectural level
FDI	− 0.331^***	− 0.283^**	− 0.254^*
Trade	0.159^*	0.565^***	0.446^***
Coastal_City	− 0.015	− 0.025	0.034
IEPF	0.235^*	0.4444^***	0.515^*
PPGT	0.091^*	0.386^***	0.360^***
DLFE	0.161^*	0.119^*	0.194^***
DLFR	− 0.147	− 0.021	− 0.036
ETDZ	0.174^**	0.194^**	0.231^***
Central	0.402^*	0.180^*	0.294^**
Provincial level
DLFE _Cent		− 0.117	0.294
DLFR _Cent		0.149^**	0.487^**
ETDZ_Cent		0.124^**	0.197^**
SP_Cent		0.165^**	0.215^**
Control Variables
Urbpopu	0.113^*	0.156^**	0.228^**
School	0.079^**	0.115^*	0.120^**
WL	0.042	0.160^*	0.084^**
Time effect	YES	YES	YES
Rho spatial lag			0.909^***
Lambda error			0.871^**
Moran's I	0.075	0.063	0.051
R²	0.696	0.749	0.803
Adjusted R²	0.591	0.673	0.755
BIC	3721	3598	3223
F-statistic	7.876^**	53.442^***	18.391^**

*p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01