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. 2025 Jul 16;130(7):3313–3347. doi: 10.1007/s11192-025-05352-9

Table 8.

Estimations of 2SLS based on spatial multi-level analysis

Prefectural level Provincial level
FDI − 0.067**
Trade 0.053**
Coastal_City 0.029
IEPF 0.714**
PPGT 0.021**
DLFE 5.314**
DLFR 8.055
ETDZ 0.673***
Central 0.075**
DLFE _Cent 0.179
DLFR _Cent 0.569***
ETDZ_Cent 0.263***
SP_Cent 0.213**
R2 0.887
Adjusted R2 0.801
Instrumental variables Log(area), 3-grp
Sargan’s test 1.000
Significance at first stage 0.000***
Wu–Hausmann test 0.003**
Anselin–Kelejian test 0.987

*p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01