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The mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade resistance. The main mechanisms include lack of target PD-1/PD-L1(e.g. JAK mutation in tumor inhibit PD-L1 induction by IFN-γ), lack of effector T cells (T cell exclusion and exhaustion), poor immunogenicity of tumors (low neoantigen, low MHC-I, low tumor mutation burden), immunosuppressive TME (immunosuppressive cells, factors, other immune checkpoints), other mechanisms (metabolism, epigenetic alterations, microbitota). (By Figdraw.)
