Table 3.
Multilevel analysis of factors associated with unimproved sanitation services among households in Ethiopia, 2019 EMDHS.
| Variables | Categories | Null model | Model I | Model II | Model III |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR [95%] | AOR [95%] | AOR [95%] | |||
| Sex of household head | Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.12 [0.94, 1.34] | 1.15 [0.97, 1.38] | |||
| Age of household head (years) | 15–30 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 31–46 | 1.21 [0.99, 1.47] | 1.2 [0.99, 1.46] | |||
| 47–62 | 1.13 [0.90, 1.41] | 1.10 [0.88, 1.37] | |||
| ≥ 63 | 1.03 [0.79, 1.33] | 0.99 [0.76, 1.3] | |||
| Household family size | 1–3 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 4–6 | 1.13 [0.94, 1.34] | 1.07 [0.89, 1.27] | |||
| 7 & above | 0.97 [0.77, 1.23] | 0.9 [0.71, 1.13] | |||
| Have radio | No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.88 [0.774, 1.05] | 0.89 [0.75, 1.05] | |||
| Have television | No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.36 [0.29, 0.45] *** | 0.47 [0.38, 0.58] *** | |||
| Wealth index | Poor | 1 | 1 | ||
| Middle | 0.44 [0.33, 0.6] *** | 0.5 [0.37, 0.67] *** | |||
| Rich | 0.17 [0.13, 0.22] *** | 0.27 [0.2, 0.36] *** | |||
| Community level variables | |||||
| Residency | Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 11.9 [7.1, 20] *** | 5.52 [3.28, 9.3] *** | |||
| Region | Small peripherals | 1 | 1 | ||
| Larger central | 1.32 [0.82, 2.13] | 0.97 [0.61, 1.56] | |||
| Metropolitan | 0.13 [0.07, 0.23] *** | 0.21 [0.12, 0.37] *** | |||
| Source of drinking water | Unimproved | 1 | 1 | ||
| Improved | 0.7 [0.54, 0.9] ** | 0.89 [0.68, 1.15] | |||
| Time to get drinking water | On premises | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≤ 30 min | 3.18 [2.42, 4.17] *** | 2.67 [2.02, 3.51] *** | |||
| > 30 min | 2.70 [2.0, 3.68] *** | 2.13 [1.56, 2.9] *** | |||
AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; ** = p-value < 0.01; *** = p-value < 0.001.