. 2025 Aug 23;15:31005. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14936-7

Table 1.

Comparisons of the mean pore size, porosity, water contact angle, and liquid entry pressure of unmodified and composite T03, T06, and T12 nanofibrous membranes, together with the commercial PVDF membrane.

Membrane	Mean pore size, μm	Porosity, %	Water contact angle, °	Liquid entry pressure, kPa
Commercial	0.39 ± 0.06^a	70.3 ± 0.7^a	143 ± 2^a	608 ± 13^a
Unm	0.67 ± 0.15^b	86.1 ± 0.7^b	132 ± 4^b	287 ± 13^b
T03	1.15 ± 0.16^c	82.0 ± 0.8^c	141 ± 4^a	194 ± 8^c
T06	0.68 ± 0.08^b	81.5 ± 0.5^c	146 ± 5^a	349 ± 14^d
T12	0.71 ± 0.11^b	81.7 ± 0.9^c	138 ± 4^a	304 ± 12^d

Values within the same column marked with different letters (e.g., a, b, c) are significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). Values with the same letter are not significantly different.