. 2025 Aug 23;12:1470. doi: 10.1038/s41597-025-05739-6

Table 1.

List of Landsat-derived indices used by our model.

Landsat-derived Index	Abbreviation	Formula
Bare Soil Index	BSI	$\frac{(S W I R 1 + R E D) - (N I R + B L U E)}{(S W I R 1 + R E D) + (N I R + B L U E)}$
Enhanced Vegetation Index	EVI	$2 . 5 \times \frac{N I R - R E D}{N I R + 6 \times R E D - 7 . 5 \times B L U E + 1}$
Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation	FAPAR	$\frac{(N D V I - 0 . 03) \times (0 . 95 - 0 . 001)}{0 . 96 - 0 . 03} + 0 . 001$
Normalized Difference Tillage Index	NDTI	$\frac{S W I R 1 - S W I R 2}{S W I R 1 + S W I R 2}$
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index	NDVI	$\frac{N I R - R E D}{N I R + R E D}$
Normalized Difference Water Index	NDWI	$\frac{N I R - S W I R 1}{N I R + S W I R 1}$
Near-infrared reflectance of vegetation	NIRv	$(\frac{N I R - R E D}{N I R + R E D} - 0 . 8) \times N I R$