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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31066. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16564-7

Table 5.

The evaluation metrics obtained by using the classical network model for the three- and four-classification tasks.

Model Three-classification task Four-classification task
Acc (%) Pre (%) Re (%) F1 (%) Param (M) Acc (%) Pre (%) Re (%) F1 (%) Param (M)
VGG16 93.80 94.05 93.79 93.79 134.27 93.15 92.97 93.21 93.08 134.28
AlexNet 95.59 95.02 95.61 95.18 57.02 93.64 93.34 93.73 93.50 57.02
ResNet50 97.10 96.68 96.92 96.79 23.51 95.23 95.15 95.37 95.22 23.52
DenseNet 97.87 97.54 97.93 97.73 6.96 95.63 95.50 95.87 95.67 6.96
EfficientNetV2 96.9 96.23 97.23 96.68 20.18 96.47 96.34 96.66 96.49 20.18
Inception_V3 92.32 91.86 91.90 91.80 21.79 90.64 90.29 91.45 90.77 21.79
VisionTransformer 72.20 71.15 67.36 68.20 87.46 49.79 51.87 48.17 49.12 87.46
SwinTransformer 88.4 89.22 85.41 86.88 48.84 78.07 77.78 78.21 77.97 48.84
Proposed 99.51 99.47 99.53 99.50 16.41 98.01 98.13 98.02 98.07 16.41