Table 6.
Comparison of three- and four-classification tasks with some of the state-of-the-art models in each evaluation metric.
| Number of classes | Model | Acc (%) | Pre (%) | Re (%) | F1 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Three | GhostNet37 (2020) | 97.88 | 97.49 | 97.81 | 97.65 |
| Kakarla et al.45 (2021) | 97.42 | 97.41 | 97.42 | - | |
| Nawaz et al.46 (2021) | 98.80 | 97.40 | 96.90 | - | |
| Shaik et al.28 (2022) | 96.51 | 96.14 | 95.99 | 96.03 | |
| Hossein et al.47 (2023) | 99.02 | 98.79 | 98.70 | 98.74 | |
| Cinar et al.48 (2023) | 96.67 | 96.97 | 96.97 | 96.66 | |
| Zulfiqar et al.49 (2023) | 98.86 | 98.65 | 98.77 | 98.71 | |
| Nassar et al.50 (2024) | 99.31 | 99.34 | 98.30 | 98.90 | |
| Wang et al.8 (2024) | 98.86 | 98.87 | 98.46 | - | |
| Li et al.51 (2025) | 98.04 | 97.80 | 98.20 | 98.00 | |
| Preetha et al.52 (2025) | 98.72 | 98.70 | 98.68 | 98.69 | |
| Proposed | 99.51 | 99.47 | 99.53 | 99.50 | |
| Four | GhostNet37 (2020) | 96.63 | 96.38 | 96.68 | 96.52 |
| Yunenda et al.53 (2022) | 93.00 | 92.75 | 92.75 | 92.75 | |
| Saeedi et al.23 (2023) | 93.45 | 94.75 | 95.75 | 95.00 | |
| Preetha et al.52 (2025) | 97.80 | 97.79 | 97.80 | 97.79 | |
| Proposed | 98.01 | 98.13 | 98.02 | 98.07 |