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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31031. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15778-z

Table 2.

Comparison of lipid species between controls and cases.

Lipid species (nmol/ml) Control [Median (interquartile range)] (n = 13) Cases [Median (interquartile range)] (n = 17) p-value FDR
Dihydroceramides
dhCer 18:0;O2/16:0 0.030 (0.0026–0.031) 0.032 (0.025–0.043) 0.05 0.15
dhCer 18:0;O2/18:0 0.013 (0.010–0.017) 0.015 (0.011–0.024) 0.14 0.23
dhCer 18:0;O2/20:0 0.007 (0.006–0.010) 0.010 (0.008–0.015) 0.04 0.15
dhCer 18:0;O2/22:0 0.032 (0.024–0.038) 0.042 (0.031–0.073) 0.05 0.15
dhCer 18:0;O2/24:0 0.045 (0.036–0.054) 0.059 (0.042–0.089) 0.04 0.15
dhCer 18:0;O2/24:1 0.029 (0.019–0.043) 0.035 (0.027–0.064) 0.11 0.21
Total dihydro ceramides 0.152 (0.127–0.198) 0.202 (0.148–0.310) 0.06 0.15
Ceramides
Cer 18:1;O2/16:0 0.25 (0.22–0.31) 0.28 (0.26–0.34) 0.10 0.21
Cer 18:1;O2/18:0 0.07 (0.05–0.08) 0.08 (0.07–0.11) 0.02 0.12
Cer 18:1;O2/20:0 0.07 (0.05–0.07) 0.08 (0.07–0.10) 0.01 0.12
Cer 18:1;O2/22:0 0.82 (0.75–0.92) 1.04 (0.78–1.34) 0.06 0.15
Cer 18:1;O2/24:0 2.2 (2.04–2.56) 2.77 (2.40–3.56) 0.02 0.12
Cer 18:1;O2/24:1 0.83 (0.67–1.19) 1.1 (0.84–1.15) 0.14 0.23
Total Ceramides 4.54 (3.89–4.88) 5.41 (4.57–6.81) 0.02 0.12
Dihydrosphingomyelins
dhSM 18:0;O2/16:0 4.82(4.04–5.80) 5.36 (4.61–6.26) 0.28 0.41
dhSM 18:0;O2/18:0 0.91 (0.57–1.46) 1.37 (0.89–2.06) 0.10 0.21
dhSM 18:0;O2/20:0 0.35 (0.27–0.46) 0.48 (0.39–0.83) 0.02 0.12
dhSM 18:0;O2/22:0 0.35 (0.29–0.50) 0.54 (0.39–0.98) 0.02 0.12
dhSM 18:0;O2/24:0 0.09 (0.07–0.12) 0.13 (0.10–0.21) 0.04 0.15
dhSM 18:0;O2/24:1 1.22 (0.94–1.50) 1.47 (1.21–2.05) 0.07 0.17
Total Dihydrosphingomyelins 7.7 (6.45–10.01) 9.20 (7.52 −13.45) 0.08 0.19
Sphingomyelins
SM 18:1;O2/16:0 172.3 (143.3 −184.50) 171.60 (141.70 −181.50) 0.87 0.87
SM 18:1;O2/18:0 23.92 (17.71–25.45) 23.92 (21.78–28.68) 0.30 0.42
SM 18:1;O2/20:0 23.40 (21.0–21.53) 26.59 (21.44–32.66) 0.13 0.23
SM 18:1;O2/22:0 47.91 (41.54–58.87) 52.59 (42.82–68.17) 0.51 0.60
SM 18:1;O2/24:0 32.81 (28.15–40.63) 32.14 (27.01–54.72) 0.68 0.72
SM 18:1;O2/24:1 70.74 (54.69–74.96) 69.87 (62.46–83.99) 0.53 0.62
Total Sphingomyelins 374.90 (315.30–403.90) 372.9 (325.20–440.60) 0.48 0.59
Hexosylceramides
Hex-Cer 18:1;O2/16:0 0.67 (0.55–0.76) 0.57 (0.44–0.80) 0.62 0.69
Hex-Cer 18:1;O2/18:0 0.07 (0.05–0.07) 0.06 (0.04–0.07) 0.43 0.57
Hex-Cer 18:1;O2/20:0 0.06 (0.04–0.07) 0.04 (0.03–0.06) 0.36 0.49
Hex-Cer 18:1;O2/22:0 0.50 (0.42–0.64) 0.42 (0.31–0.59) 0.18 0.28
Hex-Cer 18:1;O2/24:0 0.62 (0.55–0.67) 0.52 (0.34–0.78) 0.48 0.59
Hex-Cer 18:1;O2/24:1 0.38 (0.31–0.42) 0.38 (0.22–0.43) 0.80 0.83
Total Hexosylceramides 2.35 (2.07–2.60) 2.00 (1.46–2.86) 0.68 0.72
Diacylglycerols 33.20 (29.20–44.20) 51.20 (43.60–83.38) 0.0009 0.02
Phosphatidylcholines 1184 (1125–1324) 1275 (1190—1548) 0.13 0.23
Triacylglycerols 531.7 (380.7–658.9) 789.6 (643.6–1695) 0.0004 0.02

Cer, Ceramides; HexCer, Hexosylceramides; dhSM, dihydrosphingomyelins; SM, sphingomyelins. Data show median with interquartile range. Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to estimate significance in difference in lipid species between two groups. Bold represents statistically significant difference between controls and cases.