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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31013. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15316-x

Table 2.

Comparison between the proposed RInline graphicO and EO, PSO, WOA and GSA on CEC2017.

Functions RInline graphicO EO PSO WOA GSA
Ave Opt Ave Opt Ave Opt Ave Opt Ave Opt
Inline graphic 100.00 100.00 2111.13 103.30 1323.03 100.35 3280.48 351.90 320.72 105.48
Inline graphic 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 337.94 301.28 2542.89 1653.39
Inline graphic 400.64 400.03 402.31 400.00 401.24 400.00 409.98 400.06 404.27 403.60
Inline graphic 507.57 502.98 508.51 503.98 527.99 513.93 544.97 517.73 544.20 527.92
Inline graphic 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 601.08 600.00 625.72 607.85 604.35 600.41
Inline graphic 715.97 712.31 717.63 713.66 720.01 714.14 776.01 741.61 711.80 710.74
Inline graphic 807.59 801.99 808.76 802.98 817.21 806.96 835.68 813.93 818.63 812.93
Inline graphic 900.03 900.00 900.00 900.00 900.00 900.00 1229.06 962.83 900.00 900.00
Inline graphic 1266.82 1006.83 1290.91 1003.60 1932.46 1466.24 1772.53 1273.54 2698.87 2287.59
Inline graphic 1103.62 1100.00 1103.21 1100.00 1129.34 1105.06 1156.37 1108.72 1130.13 1115.77
Inline graphic 3013.59 1325.68 9042.06 1740.35 16507.76 1867.80 2351927.62 8878.23 83109.69 13842.73
Inline graphic 1306.88 1300.99 1732.56 1308.53 5793.66 1327.85 18616.41 3168.98 10770.50 7888.78
Inline graphic 1408.89 1400.00 1440.45 1401.04 1449.81 1409.45 1499.46 1434.08 6144.02 4055.66
Inline graphic 1501.30 1500.00 1527.35 1503.71 1544.52 1517.38 1856.78 1591.51 14931.34 5791.67
Inline graphic 1644.63 1600.23 1633.92 1600.73 1811.26 1600.36 1738.53 1654.11 2098.71 1974.66
Inline graphic 1721.25 1700.33 1730.09 1703.25 1741.95 1717.64 1777.93 1731.50 1828.63 1744.76
Inline graphic 1811.75 1800.22 7540.70 1836.23 4880.96 1874.08 16413.15 5038.84 8624.06 2316.89
Inline graphic 1900.62 1900.02 1917.21 1903.24 1916.17 1904.33 14412.37 1962.10 11712.23 9141.32
Inline graphic 2010.39 2000.00 2013.48 2000.00 2089.27 2020.21 2112.26 2037.18 2229.26 2176.91
Inline graphic 2218.40 2200.00 2276.33 2200.00 2264.86 2200.00 2331.28 2204.24 2344.73 2251.79
Inline graphic 2298.27 2219.00 2298.07 2219.22 2298.88 2212.85 2310.41 2231.73 2300.00 2300.00
Inline graphic 2612.34 2604.32 2611.77 2605.40 2677.17 2645.11 2643.55 2608.56 2686.05 2646.18
Inline graphic 2653.34 2500.00 2741.07 2724.14 2724.38 2500.00 2751.33 2500.10 2527.54 2500.00
Inline graphic 2921.89 2897.74 2929.89 2897.79 2912.02 2897.74 2936.43 2899.57 2941.91 2899.58
Inline graphic 2926.04 2600.00 2953.28 2800.00 2909.74 2600.00 3309.39 2815.61 2908.83 2800.00
Inline graphic 3093.94 3089.01 3090.54 3089.01 3163.02 3084.79 3109.38 3089.94 3202.21 3150.03
Inline graphic 3296.14 3100.00 3299.46 3100.00 3143.72 3100.00 3359.73 3100.15 3422.23 3340.99
Inline graphic 3158.04 3130.86 3161.38 3135.52 3244.61 3156.05 3329.83 3166.61 3301.82 3210.47
Inline graphic 194586.08 3477.95 318477.21 3439.72 8369.31 3277.75 213138.09 5333.47 267830.67 197852.52