Skip to main content
. 2025 Aug 23;15:31013. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15316-x

Table 3.

Comparison between the proposed RInline graphicO and EO, PSO, WOA and GSA on CEC2017.

Functions RInline graphicO EO PSO WOA GSA
Med Std Med Std Med Std Med Std Med Std
Inline graphic 100.00 0.00 1987.22 1795.84 663.65 1807.37 2827.11 1920.90 280.78 180.57
Inline graphic 300.00 0.00 300.00 0.00 300.00 0.00 318.74 41.91 2323.58 505.70
Inline graphic 400.60 0.30 402.44 0.84 401.69 0.86 407.24 16.70 404.25 0.18
Inline graphic 506.47 3.52 507.96 3.16 526.37 10.05 548.75 16.03 546.53 6.30
Inline graphic 600.00 0.00 600.00 0.00 600.32 1.97 622.35 15.41 604.19 3.60
Inline graphic 715.93 2.60 717.05 2.69 720.87 3.24 782.16 14.49 711.53 0.95
Inline graphic 807.96 3.27 807.96 3.42 815.92 5.73 838.98 11.98 816.42 4.43
Inline graphic 900.00 0.12 900.00 0.00 900.00 0.00 1207.50 228.54 900.00 0.00
Inline graphic 1272.48 142.14 1259.69 199.55 1992.46 221.90 1708.37 316.62 2619.70 230.52
Inline graphic 1102.98 2.82 1101.99 2.76 1131.38 17.79 1151.68 36.62 1129.58 5.29
Inline graphic 1672.18 2431.69 6258.51 7446.54 19288.89 10859.33 1560968.48 2850560.95 64501.57 86285.17
Inline graphic 1306.51 2.31 1705.40 325.14 4625.97 4549.25 20892.64 9209.11 10308.11 1541.61
Inline graphic 1402.98 9.61 1439.27 20.04 1452.94 12.94 1483.10 40.55 5976.10 1124.78
Inline graphic 1501.18 0.75 1514.45 34.52 1548.89 15.37 1745.70 312.65 14341.26 3328.58
Inline graphic 1638.12 59.09 1612.55 40.52 1838.61 104.61 1742.96 71.12 2077.78 87.47
Inline graphic 1719.55 16.42 1728.16 12.19 1742.09 19.61 1756.69 43.49 1807.59 79.20
Inline graphic 1820.01 9.89 5741.88 7677.72 2984.95 3899.09 13188.75 9693.31 8599.57 2391.43
Inline graphic 1900.12 0.70 1912.23 13.60 1910.69 13.33 9023.12 12763.54 12006.68 1646.34
Inline graphic 2004.14 10.67 2020.00 10.04 2085.53 51.95 2073.55 62.33 2205.30 54.05
Inline graphic 2200.00 40.43 2306.10 50.94 2256.48 64.85 2349.22 56.43 2347.89 19.69
Inline graphic 2300.84 14.98 2300.68 14.90 2301.64 16.27 2311.12 16.97 2300.00 0.00
Inline graphic 2611.79 4.86 2612.00 4.65 2678.99 19.61 2641.27 17.17 2683.82 25.56
Inline graphic 2738.13 118.72 2741.22 6.06 2778.44 140.77 2767.26 87.02 2500.00 84.36
Inline graphic 2921.51 23.46 2943.71 22.49 2899.58 21.12 2949.44 34.11 2943.37 7.99
Inline graphic 2900.00 75.50 2900.00 167.67 2900.00 163.36 3088.12 478.69 2800.00 349.55
Inline graphic 3091.83 9.27 3090.14 1.20 3157.06 36.66 3100.52 24.49 3207.09 16.67
Inline graphic 3397.78 142.40 3383.73 143.92 3100.00 51.79 3411.82 144.35 3418.21 19.98
Inline graphic 3148.44 35.44 3146.21 38.35 3222.06 67.10 3326.57 120.75 3265.93 107.61
Inline graphic 3948.74 351250.24 5208.96 425811.01 7500.52 5057.95 87959.50 351671.56 265233.43 42406.93