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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31012. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16539-8

Table 6.

HV values for 5 MOPSO and ASDMOPSO.

Problem M D CMOPSO NMPSO MOPSOCD MOPSO MPSOD ASDMOPSO
ZDT1 2 30

Mean

Std

7.1997e−1

(5.99e−4)−

6.8912e−1

(1.27e−2)−

7.2098e1

(1.21e3)≈

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)−

5.9247e−1 (4.19e−2)−

7.2129e01

(6.03e05)

ZDT2 2 30

Mean

Std

4.4443e1

(1.05e3)

4.3373e−1

(1.34e−2)−

3.5891e−1

(1.42e−1)−

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)−

2.8091e−1 (8.73e−2)−

4.4657e01

(2.05e05)

ZDT3 2 30

Mean

Std

5.9994e1

(1.39e3)

5.7102e−1

(7.16e−3)−

5.8591e−1

(2.77e−2)−

6.5564e−4

(1.75e−3)−

4.6280e−1 (4.59e−2)−

6.0005e01

(1.37e04)

ZDT4 2 10

Mean

Std

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)

6.9846e01

(1.33e01)

ZDT6 2 10

Mean

Std

3.9035e1

(4.98e5) + 

3.8978e−1

(2.06e−4)−

3.8905e−1

(1.22e−3)−

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)−

3.7749e−1 (8.73e−3)−

3.9015e01

(1.31e05)

UF1 2 30

Mean

Std

5.7482e1

(1.77e2) + 

5.3366e1

(2.34e2)

9.2488e−2

(9.05e−2)−

1.7961e−1

(5.35e−2)−

3.6349e−1 (5.50e−2)−

4.9805e−01

(1.61e−02)

UF2 2 30

Mean

Std

6.4681e1

(7.49e3) + 

6.1819e−1

(6.27e−3)−

5.3943e−1

(2.07e−2)−

6.1132e−1

(8.75e−3)−

5.7994e−1 (1.11e−2)−

6.4061e01

(4.58e03)

UF3 2 30

Mean

Std

2.6683e−1

(3.81e−2)−

2.8723e1

(4.79e2)

2.2645e−1

(7.63e−2)−

1.7937e−1

(2.64e−2)−

1.7360e−1 (1.69e−2)−

3.4111e01

(3.21e02)

UF4 2 30

Mean

Std

2.8868e−1

(1.20e−2)

3.6166e1

(1.28e2) + 

3.3391e1

(1.08e2)

2.1306e−1

(4.15e−3)−

3.0658e−1 (4.40e−3)−

1.2726e−01

(3.36e−03)

UF5 2 30

Mean

Std

9.4110e3

(2.20e2) + 

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)≈

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)≈

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)≈

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)≈

0.0000e + 00

(0.00e + 0)

UF6 2 30

Mean

Std

1.5727e1

(5.15e2) + 

2.2070e2

(3.27e2)≈

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)−

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)−

0.0000e + 00(0.00e + 0)−

7.1557e−03

(6.25e−02)

UF7 2 30

Mean

Std

4.5126e1

(7.87e2) + 

3.9036e−1

(9.47e−2)≈

2.6253e−2

(3.79e−2)−

3.8297e−2

(2.33e−2)−

2.7589e−1 (5.15e−2)−

4.1627e01

(1.26e02)

UF8 3 30

Mean

Std

1.8293e−2

(1.78e−2)−

2.7633e1

(6.28e2)

1.0132e−2

(1.28e−2)−

2.5649e−1

(3.32e−2)−

5.7408e−2 (1.93e−2)−

3.4690e01

(2.89e02)

UF9 3 30

Mean

Std

1.8081e−2

(2.69e−2)−

3.1197e1

(5.18e2) + 

3.0344e−2

(3.39e−2)

2.5578e−1

(2.39e−2)−

1.1504e−1 (2.81e−2)−

2.8639e01

(2.11e02)

UF10 3 30

Mean

Std

0.0000e + 0

( 0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)

2.7421e01

(3.86e02)

DTLZ1 3 7

Mean

Std

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)

5.9780e04

(6.98e + 00)

DTLZ2 3 12

Mean

Std

5.5924e−1

(1.11e−3)−

5.6875e1

(9.49e4) + 

4.7859e−1

(1.87e−2)−

5.4019e−1

(7.15e−3)−

5.4961e−1 (2.17e−3)−

4.1042e−02

(8.54e−03)

DTLZ3 3 12

Mean

Std

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)

4.1886e03

(2.53e + 01)

DTLZ4 3 12

Mean

Std

5.4030e1

(8.49e2)

5.5358e1

(5.63e2) + 

2.8241e−1

(5.10e−2)−

4.6129e−1

(6.25e−2)−

4.2632e−1 (4.24e−2)−

3.7090e−01

(8.65e−01)

DTLZ5 3 12

Mean

Std

1.9895e1

(2.56e4) + 

1.9818e−1

(3.83e−4)−

1.7164e−1

(9.56e−3)−

1.9858e1

(9.37e4)

1.4248e−1 (7.36e−3)−

2.4535e−02

(1.29e + 00)

DTLZ6 3 12

Mean

Std

1.6476e−1

(7.55e−2)−

1.9804e1

(6.40e4) + 

1.7311e−1

(5.43e−2)−

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)−

5.8464e−3 (1.80e−2)−

1.3678e−02

(1.99e−04)

DTLZ7 3 22

Mean

Std

2.6967e1

(1.30e2)

2.8095e1

(6.92e4) + 

2.6843e−1

(7.06e−3)−

0.0000e + 0

(0.00e + 0)−

7.1984e−2 (4.17e−2)−

1.6227e−01

(2.03e−02)

Best/all 7/22 6/22 0/22 0/22 0/22 9/22
 ± /≈ 7/15/0 6/13/3 0/20/2 0/21/1 0/21/1