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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31012. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16539-8

Table 7.

HV values for 5 MOEA and ASDMOPSO.

Problem M D DGEA MOEADD SPEAR NSGAIII IDBEA ASDMOPSO
ZDT1 2 30

Mean

Std

8.5274e−3 (1.83e−2)− 6.0276e−1 (2.12e−2)− 4.8568e−1 (3.46e−2)− 6.1393e1 (1.69e2) 1.4767e−1 (5.05e−2)−

7.2129e01

(6.03e05)

ZDT2 2 30

Mean

Std

2.1144e−2 (7.07e−2)− 3.0344e1 (2.33e2) 7.0276e−2 (6.03e−2)− 2.5351e−1 (3.78e−2)− 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)−

4.4657e01

(2.05e05)

ZDT3 2 30

Mean

Std

3.2427e−2 (6.18e−2)− 4.9551e−1 (3.21e−2)− 5.0081e−1 (1.28e−2)− 5.5474e1 (8.86e3) 3.8083e−1 (2.14e−2)−

6.0005e01

(1.37e04)

ZDT4 2 10

Mean

Std

2.0966e−3 (1.15e−2)− 8.6915e2 (8.59e2) 4.2997e−3 (1.66e−2)− 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)− 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)−

6.9846e01

(1.33e01)

ZDT6 2 10

Mean

Std

3.6287e−1 (8.54e−2)≈ 6.8634e−2 (4.79e−2)− 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)− 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)− 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)−

3.9015e01

(1.31e05)

UF1 2 30

Mean

Std

8.6414e−2 (6.86e−2)− 5.3896e1 (2.61e2) 5.1022e−1 (3.30e−2)≈ 5.4146e1 (3.51e2) +  2.2314e−1 (6.73e−2)−

4.9805e−01

(1.61e−02)

UF2 2 30

Mean

Std

5.1284e−1 (2.83e−2)− 6.3799e1 (6.69e3)≈ 6.3009e−1 (6.94e−3)− 6.2399e−1 (7.30e−3)− 5.1343e−1 (1.79e−2)−

6.4061e01

(4.58e03)

UF3 2 30

Mean

Std

1.2226e−1 (2.17e−2)− 2.0905e−1 (1.14e−2)− 2.2358e1 (1.13e2) 1.9518e−1 (1.09e−2)− 9.2357e−2 (1.40e−2)−

3.4111e01

(3.21e02)

UF4 2 30

Mean

Std

2.8234e−1 (8.99e−3)− 3.2372e1 (4.38e3) 3.2442e1 (2.79e3) +  3.2202e−1 (4.20e−3)− 2.9545e−1 (4.01e−3)−

1.2726e−01

(3.36e−03)

UF5 2 30

Mean

Std

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)≈ 2.4987e−4 (1.26e−3)≈ 4.2485e4 (2.33e3)≈ 2.2105e3 (8.42e3) +  0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)≈

0.0000e + 00

(1.75e−01)

UF6 2 30

Mean

Std

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)− 1.4259e2 (1.73e2) 1.1077e−2 (1.56e−2)≈ 3.0877e2 (2.33e2) +  0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)−

7.1557e−03

(6.25e−02)

UF7 2 30

Mean

Std

2.4430e−2 (4.02e−2)− 3.8790e1 (5.65e2) 3.3758e−1 (5.89e−2)− 3.5981e−1 (7.82e−2)− 1.1043e−1 (5.18e−2)−

4.1627e01

(1.26e02)

UF8 3 30

Mean

Std

2.6973e−2 (2.99e−2)− 1.9908e−1 (3.07e−2)− 1.8468e−1 (3.08e−2)− 2.7020e1 (3.45e2) 1.6876e−1 (4.45e−2)−

3.4690e01

(2.89e02)

UF9 3 30

Mean

Std

7.4309e−2 (4.44e−2)− 2.5124e−1 (5.40e−2)− 2.5440e−1 (5.25e−2)− 2.6808e1 (3.87e2)≈ 2.0061e−1 (4.37e−2)−

2.8639e01

(2.11e02)

UF10 3 30

Mean

Std

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)

2.7421e01

(3.86e02)

DTLZ1 3 7

Mean

Std

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)− 7.6458e3 (3.38e2)≈ 5.3905e−3 (2.44e−2)≈ 3.6769e2 (1.03e1) +  0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)−

5.9780e−04

(6.98e + 00)

DTLZ2 3 12

Mean

Std

4.1543e−1 (3.16e−2)− 5.6361e1 (1.31e3) +  5.5634e−1 (2.54e−3)− 5.6283e1 (1.08e3) 5.5285e−1 (3.94e−3)−

4.1042e−02

(8.54e−03)

DTLZ3 3 12

Mean

Std

0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0)

4.1886e03

(2.53e + 01)

DTLZ4 3 12

Mean

Std

1.9152e−1 (8.47e−2)− 5.6283e1 (2.15e3) +  5.5450e1 (2.80e3) 5.5407e−1 (3.98e−2)− 4.9093e−1 (9.90e−2)−

3.7090e−01

(8.65e−01)

DTLZ5 3 12

Mean

Std

1.4603e−1 (2.00e−2)− 1.8308e−1 (2.45e−3)− 1.8616e−1 (1.68e−3)− 1.9679e1 (6.86e4) +  1.9198e1 (1.88e3)

2.4535e−02

(1.29e + 00)

DTLZ6 3 12

Mean

Std

9.8346e−3 (3.90e−2)− 1.1168e1 (4.23e2) 1.0343e−1 (4.56e−2)− 1.8121e1 (2.29e2) +  9.5555e−3 (2.92e−2)−

1.3678e−02

(1.99e−04)

DTLZ7 3 22

Mean

Std

7.6737e−3 (3.15e−2)− 2.1788e1 (2.06e2) 1.9161e−1 (1.47e−2)− 2.2360e1 (9.16e3) +  7.6151e−2 (2.70e−2)−

1.6227e−01

(2.03e−02)

Best/all 0/22 2/22 1/22 7/22 0/22 12/22
 ± /≈ 0/20/2 2/17/3 1/17/4 7/14/1 0/21/1