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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31054. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15345-6

Table 4.

Deviation ratio (in %) with different number of regions

Number of regions Deviation ratio (in %)
Proposed HGJMFOA GTMPSO MPIPA AFSAPPM ACOACPPM
200 12 15 18 25 28
400 17 21 25 28 32
600 21 27 32 32 39
800 24 32 37 37 43
1000 28 36 42 42 48
1200 37 43 49 49 57
1400 48 55 58 58 67
1600 56 62 66 66 76
1800 64 68 73 73 82
2000 72 73 79 79 85