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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31040. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13881-9

Table 3.

EQ-5D-5 L scores in all domains depending on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and health condition.

Variables EQ-5D-5 L scores in all domains [1–5]*
Mobility Self-care Usual-activities Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression
Age R = 0.20, t = 3.015, p = 0.003 R = 0.236, p = 3.504, p = 0.001 R = 0.182, t = − 2.671, p = 0.008 R = − 0.018, t = − 0.266, p = 0.791 R = 0.159, t = 2.330, p = 0.021
Nicotinism [years] (N = 100) R = − 0.002, t = − 0.024, p = 0.981 R = − 0.051, t = − 0.506, p = 0.614 R = − 0.097, t = − 0.962, p = 0.338 R = 0.042, t = 0.415, p = 0.679 R = 0.134, t = 1.344, p = 0.182
Diet changes (N = 193) R = 0.020, t = 0.278, p = 0.781 R = 0.048, t = 0.667, p = 0.505 R = 0.128, t = 1.780, p = 0.077 R = 0.132, t = 1.835, p = 0.068 R = − 0.075, − 1.045, p = 0.297
Stressful events in the previous year (N = 209) R = 0.210, t = 3.087, p = 0.002 R = 0.127, t = 1.838, p = 0.067 R = 0.143, t = 2.081, p = 0.039 R = 0.279, t = 4.177, p < 0.001 R = 0.155, t = 2.253, p = 0.025
Number of medication taken R = 0.147, t = 2.148, p = 0.033 R = 0.076, t = 1.096, p = 0.274 R = 0.068, t = 0.987, p = 0.325 R = 0.041, t = 0.592, p = 0.555 R = 0.018, t = 0.256, p = 0.798
Age group
 ≤ 65 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.50 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 3.0 (2.0–3.0) 1.50 (1.0–3.0)
 > 65 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = − 1.573, p = 0.116 Z = 0.293, p = 0.769 Z = 0.776, p = 0.438 Z = 0.443, p = 0.658 Z = 0.240, p = 0.810
Gender
 Female 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 Male 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = 1.341, p = 0.180 Z = 1.0, p = 0.317 Z = 1.044, p = 0.296 Z = 2.671, p = 0.008 Z = 3.014, p = 0.003
Pension amount
 Very low 3.0 (1.50–4.0) 1.50 (1.0–4.0) 1.50 (1.0–4.0) 2.50 (1.50–3.50) 1.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Low 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 Average 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 High 2.0 (1.0–3.50) 1.0 (1.0–1.50) 1.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Kruskal–Wallis test H = 3.232, p = 0.357 H = 2.898, p = 0.408 H = 0.254, p = 0.968 H = 8.067, p = 0.045 H = 8.230, p = 0.042
Living with someone/alone
 With someone 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.50 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Alone 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = − 0.396, p = 0.692 Z = 0.108, p = 0.914 Z = 0.493, p = 0.622 Z = − 1.213, p = 0.225 Z = − 0.435, p = 0.664
Smoking cessation
 Yes 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 No 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (2.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = 0.505, p = 0.613 Z = − 0.141, p = 0.888 Z = 0.984, p = 0.325 Z = − 1.191, p = 0.234 Z = − 1.116, p = 0.264
Overweight/obesity
 No 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Yes 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = − 2.172, p = 0.030 Z = − 1.012, p = 0.312 Z = − 1.486, p = 0.137 Z = − 1.905, p = 0.057 Z = − 0.774, p = 0.439
Physical activity
 Lack of physical activity 4.0 (3.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 1–2 per week 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.50–4.0) 2.50 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 3–4 per week 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (2.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 5–6 per week 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Every day 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Kruskal–Wallis test H = 49.743, p < 0.001 H = 26.436, p < 0.001 H = 39.984, p < 0.001 H = 7.734, p = 0.102 H = 19.200, p = 0.001
Fat reduction
 Yes 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 3.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 No 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = 1.514, p = 0.130 Z = 0.906, p = 0.365 Z = 1.893, p = 0.058 Z = 2.086, p = 0.037 Z = − 0.581, p = 0.561
Calorie reduction
 Yes 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 3.0 (2.0–3.50) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 No 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = 1.596, p = 0.111 Z = 1.435, p = 0.151 Z = 1.528, p = 0.126 Z = 2.894, p = 0.004 Z = 0.239, p = 0.811
Changing the type of fats
 Yes 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (2.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 No 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = − 0.578, p = 0.563 Z = − 0.029, p = 0.977 Z = 0.370, p = 0.712 Z = 1.056, p = 0.291 Z = − 0.816, p = 0.415
Salt reduction
 Yes 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 No 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = 0.303, p = 0.762 Z = 0.828, p = 0.407 Z = 1.611, p = 0.107 Z = 1.055, p = 0.291 Z = − 0.111, p = 0.911
Fish consumption
 Yes 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 No 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = 0.327, p = 0.743 Z = − 0.602, p = 0.548 Z = 1.022, p = 0.307 Z = − 0.148, p = 0.882 Z = − 0.513, p = 0.608
Fruit and vegetable consumption
 Yes 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0)
 No 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = 0.179, p = 0.858 Z = − 0.296, p = 0.767 Z = 0.621, p = 0.535 Z = 0.584, p = 0.559 Z = − 1.914, p = 0.056
Sugar reduction
 Yes 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 No 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = 0.299, p = 0.765 Z = 0.077, p = 0.939 Z = 0.726, p = 0.468 Z = 2.105, p = 0.035 Z = − 0.663, p = 0.507
Alcohol reduction
 Yes 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 No 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = − 1.706, p = 0.088 Z = 0.580, p = 0.562 Z = 0.782, p = 0.434 Z = − 0.706, p = 0.480 Z = − 1.097, p = 0.273
Self-assessment of lifestyle
 Unhealthy 4.0 (3.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 3.0 (2.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 Average 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.50 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 Healthy 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Kruskal–Wallis test H = 7.341, p = 0.026 H = 2.367, p = 0.306 H = 9.525, p = 0.009 H = 1.108, p = 0.575 H = 8.119, p = 0.017
Diabetes mellitus
 No 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Yes 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = − 0.080, p = 0.936 Z = 0.375, p = 0.708 Z = − 0.065, p = 0.948 Z = − 0.354, p = 0.723 Z = − 0.469, p = 0.639
COPD
 No 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Yes 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = − 0.362, p = 0.717 Z = − 0.804, p = 0.422 Z = − 0.502, p = 0.616 Z = 0.311, p = 0.756 Z = − 0.576, p = 0.564
Hypertension
 No 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.50 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.50 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 Yes 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 1.50 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Mann–Whitney U test Z = 0.794, p = 0.427 Z = 1.395, p = 0.163 Z = 2.192, p = 0.028 Z = 0.188, p = 0.851 Z = 0.683, p = 0.495
Type of heart failure
 Unknown 2.50 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 2.50 (1.0–3.0 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 HFrEF 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0)
 HFmrEF 3.0 (1.50–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–3.50) 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 2.50 (1.0–4.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 HFpEF 3.0 (1.0–4.0) 1.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0)
 Kruskal–Wallis test H = 1.973, p = 0.578 H = 8.487, p = 0.037 H = 6.111, p = 0.106 H = 0.296, p = 0.961 H = 0.034, p = 0.998

*When comparing groups, the median and quartile range were provided for each group.