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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31060. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16731-w

Table 8.

Comparison of the proposed absorbers with similar reported works.

Ref. Materials λ (nm) Average absorption Number of layers Unit cell size (nm3) Angular stability* Polarization stability*
15 Au + GaAs 300–740 90% 2 -×-×160 - 0-90o
12 W + SiO2 390–760 96.43% 3 450 × 450 × 240

0-50o

(TE&TM)

0-90o
13 Mn + SiO2 400–800 94% 3 300 × 300 × 190

0-60o (TE)

0-70o (TM)

-
14 Ti + SiO2 400–800 98.11% 3 300 × 300 × 195

0-60o (TE)

0-70o (TM)

-
22 Au + Si 380–760 93.3% 2 240 × 240 × 170

0-50o

(TE&TM)

0-90o
7 SiO2 + InAs 300–850 97% 6 100 × 100 × 1600

0-60o

(TE&TM)

0-90o
25 Ge + SiO2 450–750 97.4% 5 -

0-50o

(TE&TM)

-
44 Ni + SiO2 415–625 95.82% 3 400 × 400 × 150

0-30o (TE)

0-60o (TM)

0-90o
45 W + Al2O3 400–785 96% 3 -×-×165

0-40o (TE)

0-60o (TM)

-
46

Ti3C2Tx+

SiO2 + Au + Glass

400–800 97.85% 4 600 × 600 × 695

0-30o (TE)

0-60o (TM)

-
47 Ni + SiO2 400–4000 95.34% 3 400 × 400 × 310

0-60o

(TE&TM)

-
48 W + SiO2 + W 400–1100 98% 2 400 × 400 × 220

0-60o

(TE&TM)

0-90o
T.W 1st SiO2 + InAs 400–800 99.5% 2 400 × 400 × 1262

0-50o

(TE&TM)

0-90o
T.W 2nd SiO2 + InAs 400–800 92.46% 2 400 × 400 × 1212

0-70o

(TE&TM)

0-90o

-: Not Reported, *: For absorptions more than 90%, T.W: This Work.