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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31055. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16749-0

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Amino acid supplementation can ameliorate the metabolite profile of low protein diet. (A) Principal component analysis of plasma metabolites in male marmosets quantified using LC-MS/MS. (B-D) Quantification of plasma tryptophan (B), threonine (C), alanine (D). (E-F) Quantification of taurine concentration in plasma (E) and urine (F). For (B-F), statistical analysis was performed by repeated measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The p values determined by post hoc analysis with Šídák’s multiple comparison test are shown in the figure. All data are presented as mean ± s.e.m.