. 2025 Aug 23;15:31065. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-17115-w

Table 1.

Subject criteria for the study.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
(1) Aged 8 to 13 years at baseline, with no history of ortho-k; (2) Spherical diopter from − 5.00 to -0.75 D and astigmatism > -1.50 D in both eyes (cycloplegic objective refraction); (3) Best-corrected visual acuity of 0.00 logMAR or better in both eyes; (4) Absence of active inflammation, dry eye, strabismus, and other ocular diseases; (5) No presence of diabetes, systemic immune diseases, and mental disorders; (6) Final lens parameters confirmed by both fluorescein staining and an ideal “bull’s eye” corneal pattern²⁶	(1) Changes in prescription while using ortho-k lenses; (2) Discontinuation of ortho-k lens wear during the study period; (3) Not adhering to ortho-k lens wear protocols; (4) The ortho-k lens decentration more than 1.0 mm; (5) Using atropine eye drops, red light therapy devices, and other myopia intervention measures during the treatment period; (6) Known allergies to lens materials or solutions.

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

(1) Aged 8 to 13 years at baseline, with no history of ortho-k;

(2) Spherical diopter from − 5.00 to -0.75 D and astigmatism > -1.50 D in both eyes (cycloplegic objective refraction);

(3) Best-corrected visual acuity of 0.00 logMAR or better in both eyes;

(4) Absence of active inflammation, dry eye, strabismus, and other ocular diseases;

(5) No presence of diabetes, systemic immune diseases, and mental disorders;

(6) Final lens parameters confirmed by both fluorescein staining and an ideal “bull’s eye” corneal pattern²⁶

(1) Changes in prescription while using ortho-k lenses;

(2) Discontinuation of ortho-k lens wear during the study period;

(3) Not adhering to ortho-k lens wear protocols;

(4) The ortho-k lens decentration more than 1.0 mm;

(5) Using atropine eye drops, red light therapy devices, and other myopia intervention measures during the treatment period;

(6) Known allergies to lens materials or solutions.

D, diopter; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution.