Table 5.
Multi-level mixed effect regression for FPMHSU in Ethiopia 2019 MEDHS.
| Determinants | Model 1 ICC = 42.48% |
Model 2 AOR (95% CI) |
Model 3 AOR(95% CI) |
Model 4 AOR (95% CI) ICC = 19.99% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of mothers | ||||
| 15–19 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| 20–24 | - | 0.67(0.45–1) | - | 0.65(0.44–0.97)* |
| 25–29 | - | 0.76(0.5–1.15) | - | 0.72(0.47–1.1) |
| 30–34 | - | 1.46(0.91–2.35) | - | 1.35(0.84–2.18) |
| 35–39 | - | 1.59(0.96–2.63) | - | 1.45(0.87–2.4) |
| 40–44 | - | 1.20(0.69–2.11) | - | 1.11(0.63–1.96) |
| 45–49 | - | 1.01(0.49–2.08) | - | 0.90(0.43–1.86) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | - | 1.42(0.96–2.11) | - | 1.54(1.04–2.3)* |
| Unmarried | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Age at first birth (years) | ||||
| > 18 | - | 1.02(0.84–1.24) | - | 1.02(0.84–1.23) |
| 15–17 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Religion | ||||
| Other | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Protestant | - | 0.66(0.48–0.92)* | - | 0.78(0.53–1.14) |
| Muslim | - | 1.29(0.92–1.81) | - | 2.25(1.45–3.48)** |
| Orthodox | - | 0.53(0.25–1.11) | - | 01.41(0.62–3.21) |
| Mother education | ||||
| Not educated | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Primary educated | - | 2.09(1.69–2.58) | - | 2.04(1.65–2.52)** |
| Secondary | - | 2.33(1.56–3.49) | - | 2.30(1.53–3.45)** |
| Higher | - | 6.34(2.56–15.72)*** | - | 6.1(2.43–15.07)** |
| Contraceptive usage | ||||
| Yes | - | 1.16(0.96–1.4) | - | 1.11(0.92–1.34) |
| No | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Told pregnancy complications | ||||
| Yes | - | 3.68(3.05–4.44) | - | 3.62(3–4.36)** |
| No | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Parity | ||||
| Low parity (≤ 2) | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| High parity (> 2) | - | 0.52(0.39–0.69) | - | 0.52(0.4,0.69)** |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Poorer | - | 2.05(1.58–2.66) | - | 1.77(1.32–2.37)** |
| Middle | - | 1.64(1.24–2.18) | - | 1.56(1.13–2.14)** |
| Richer | - | 2.88(2.11–3.94) | - | 2.61(1.84–2.71)** |
| Richest | - | 9.45(6.11–14.61) | - | 6.7(3.96–11.56)** |
| Sex of household head | ||||
| Male | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Female | - | 0.87(0.65–1.17) | - | 0.93(0.68–1.26) |
| Family size | ||||
| < 7 | - | 1.15(0.94–1.41) | - | 1.11(0.91–1.36) |
| > 7 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Media exposure | ||||
| Yes | - | 1.16(0.94–1.44) | - | 1.18(0.95–1.46) |
| No | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | - | - | 0.13(0.1–0.23) | 0.53(0.31–0.89)* |
| Region | ||||
| Tigray | - | - | 1.47()0.26–8.32 | 2.81(0.46–17.11) |
| Afar | - | - | 0.24(0.03–1.52) | 0.68(0.1–4.43) |
| Amhara | - | - | 1.08(0.2–5.88) | 2.29(0.39–13.42) |
| Oromia | - | - | 0.61(0.11–3.34) | 1.19(0.21–6.71) |
| Somali | - | - | 0.08(0.01–0.5) | 0.45(0.08–2.69) |
| Benishangul | - | - | 0.9(0.14–5.7) | 2.08(0.31–13.93) |
| SNNPR | - | - | 0.72(0.13–3.96) | 2.10(0.36–12.23) |
| Gambela | - | - | 0.73(0.09–2.9) | 2.39(0.27–20.87) |
| Harari | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Adiss Ababa | - | - | 2.12(0.31–14.51) | 1.36(0.19–9.64) |
| Diredawa | - | - | 1.17(0.14–9.52) | 1.44(0.16–12.75) |
| Var(constant) | 0.834 | 1.37 | 0.822 | |
**p value < 0.01; *p value < 0.05.
Model 1 (intercept only model), Model 2 (individual characteristics), Model 3 (community level factors) and Model 4 (individual and community level characteristics).