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. 2025 Aug 23;15:31048. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16315-8

Table 5.

Ablation study on the role of quantum components in QuantumShield-BC.

Configuration Leader selection entropy Attack resistance (simulated) Consensus fairness Communication security TPS impact
Full quantum (QRNG + QKD + PQC) High All attacks mitigated High Strong (QKD-based) Baseline
QRNG → PRNG Low Predictive leader attacks Medium Unaffected + 2%
QKD → classical key exchange (ECDH) High Vulnerable to MITM High Weak + 5%
PQC → ECDSA High Broken under Shor’s attack High Moderate + 4%
All quantum components replaced Low All attacks succeed Low Very Weak + 7%