Table 1.
Metabolites identified in the polar extract of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit.
| Compound | Weight (g/mol) | Formula | 13C chemical shift (ppm) (functional group or specific C) | 1H chemical shift (ppm) (functional group or specific H, multiplicity of peak) | Coupling constant J (Hz) | Immature fruit | Mature fruit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1,3-Dimethylurate | 196.1634 | C7H8N4O3 | 30.5 (CH3) | 3.31 (CH3, s) | – | √ | √ |
| 32.8 (CH3) | 3.44 (CH3, s) | – | ||||||
| 2 | 5-Hydroxytryptophan | 220.2246 | C11H12N2O3 | 105.0 (CH) | 7.11 (CH, d) | 0.5 | √ | √ |
| 128.2 (CH) | 7.26 (CH, s) | – | ||||||
| 3 | γ-Aminobutyrate | 103.1198 | C4H9NO2 | 26.4 (CH2) | 1.90 (CH2, m) | – | √ | – |
| 37.0 (CH2) | 2.28 (CH2, t) | 7.3 | ||||||
| 42.0 (CH2) | 2.99 (CH2, t) | 7.4 | ||||||
| 4 | Alanine | 89.0932 | C3H7NO2 | 53.5 (Cα) | 3.78 (Hα, q) | 7.2, 7.2 | √ | √ |
| 18.9 (Cβ) | 1.46 (Hβ, d) | |||||||
| 5 | Acetate | 60.052 | C2H4O2 | 26.1 (CH3) | 1.92 (CH3, s) | – | √ | – |
| 6 | Arginine | 174.201 | C6H14N4O2 | 26.6 (Cγ) | 1.64 (Hγ, m) | – | √ | √ |
| 30.3 (Cβ) | 1.92 (Hβ, m) | – | ||||||
| 57.1 (Cα) | 3.75 (Hα, t) | 6.2 | ||||||
| 7 | Asparagine | 132.1179 | C4H8N2O3 | 54.2 (Cα) | 4.01 (Hα, q) | 4.2 | √ | – |
| 37.4 (Cβ) | 2.95 (Hβ, dd) | 4.1, 17.0 | ||||||
| 2.88 (Hβ, dd) | 7.0, 17.0 | |||||||
| 8 | Aspartate | 133.1027 | C4H7NO4 | 54.9 (Cα) | 3.88 (Hα, dd) | 8.80, 2.7 | √ | √ |
| 39.2 (Cβ) | 2.66 (Hβ, dd) | 17.7, 8.80 | ||||||
| 9 | Betaine | 117.1463 | C5H11NO2 | 69.2 (CH2) | 3.90 (Hα, s) | – | – | √ |
| 56.2 (CH3) | 3.26 (Hβ, s) | – | ||||||
| 10 | Choline | 104.1708 | C5H14NO | 58.6 (Cα) | 4.06 (Hα, m) | – | √ | √ |
| 56.8 (Cγ) | 3.21 (Hγ, s) | – | ||||||
| 70.4 (Cβ) | 3.52 (Hβ, m) | – | ||||||
| 11 | Citrate | 192.1235 | C6H8O7 | 48.4 (CH2) | 2.52 (CH2, d) | 2.5 | √ | √ |
| 48.4 (CH2) | 2.65 (CH2, d) | 2.6 | ||||||
| 12 | Dimethylamine | 45.0837 | C2H7N | 37.0 (CH3) | 2.73 (CH3, s) | – | √ | √ |
| 13 | Erythritol | 122.1198 | C4H10O4 | 74.7 (CH) | 3.66 (CH, m) | – | √ | √ |
| 65.3 (CH) | 3.78 (CH, dd) | – | ||||||
| 14 | Formate | 46.0254 | CH2O2 | – | 8.44 (CH, s) | – | √ | √ |
| 15 | Fructose | 180.1559 | C6H12O6 | 78.2 (3CH) | 4.12 (3CH, dd) | – | √ | √ |
| 66.1 (6CH2) | 4.02 (6CH2, dd) | 12.7, 1.0 | ||||||
| 72.0 (5CH) | 4.00 (5CH, m) | 7.7, 5.4 | ||||||
| 66.6 (1CH) | 3.56 (1CH, m) | – | ||||||
| 16 | Glucose | 180.1559 | C6H12O6 | 98.9 (1αCH) | 4.66 (1αCH, d) | 7.8 | √ | √ |
| 94.8 (1βCH) | 5.24 (1βCH, d) | 3.9 | ||||||
| 74.4 (2αCH) | 3.53 (2αCH, m) | – | ||||||
| 72.6 (4CH) | 3.41 (4CH, m) | – | ||||||
| 63.7 (6CH) | 3.74 (5βCH, m) | – | ||||||
| 17 | Glucose-6-P | 260.1358 | C6H13O9P | 94.9 (CH) | 5.20 (CH, d) | 3.75 | √ | √ |
| 98.9 (CH) | 4.60 (CH, d) | 8.0 | ||||||
| 65.4 (CH) | 4.00 (CH, m) | – | ||||||
| 18 | Glutamate | 147.1293 | C5H9NO4 | 29.7 (Cβ) | 2.04 (Hβ, m) | – | – | √ |
| 36.2 (Cγ) | 2.35 (Hγ, m) | – | ||||||
| 57.3 (Cα) | 3.74 (Hα, dd) | 7.1, 4.7 | ||||||
| 19 | Glutamine | 146.1445 | C5H10N2O3 | 33.7 (Cγ) | 2.46 (Hγ, m) | – | √ | √ |
| 29.1 (Cβ) | 2.14 (Hβ, m) | – | ||||||
| 57.0 (Cα) | 3.78 (Hα, t) | 6.3 | ||||||
| 20 | Glycine | 75.0666 | C2H5NO2 | 44.3 (Cα) | 3.56 (Hα, s) | – | √ | – |
| 21 | Histamine | 111.1451 | C5H9N3 | 26.7 (CH2) | 3.00 (CH2, t) | 7.12 | √ | – |
| 41.8 (CH2) | 3.29 (CH2, t) | 7.12 | ||||||
| 119.0 (CH) | 7.09 (CH, s) | – | ||||||
| 138.7 (CH) | 7. 91 (CH, s) | - | ||||||
| 22 | Homoserine | 119.1192 | C4H9NO3 | 35.1 (C β) | 2.10 (Hβ, m) | – | √ | √ |
| 23 | Isoleucine | 131.1729 | C6H13NO2 | 26.8 (Cγ) | 1.29 (Hγ, m) | – | √ | – |
| 17.5 (Cγ) | 1.00 (Hγ, d) | 7.1 | ||||||
| 13.9 (Cδ) | 0.91 (Hδ, t) | 7.5 | ||||||
| 24 | Lactate | 90.0779 | C3H6O3 | 22.2 (CH3) | 1.33 (CH3, d) | 6.8 | √ | – |
| 25 | Leucine | 131.1729 | C6H13NO2 | 24.7 (Cδ) | 0.97 (Hδ, d) | 6.44 | √ | – |
| 26 | Lysine | 146.1876 | C6H14N2O2 | 32.5 (Cβ) | 1.80 (Hβ, m) | – | √ | – |
| 41.6 (Cε) | 3.00 (Hε, t) | – | ||||||
| 57.1 (Cα) | 3.70 (Hα, t) | 6.9 | ||||||
| 27 | Malate | 134.0874 | C4H6O5 | 45.2 (CH2) | 2.36 (CH2, dd) | 15.5, 10.3 | √ | √ |
| 45.4 (CH2) | 2.65 (CH2, dd) | 15.5, 2.9 | ||||||
| 28 | Malonate | 104.0615 | C3H4O4 | 50.2 (Cβ) | 3.12 (Hβ, s) | – | √ | √ |
| 29 | Methylamine | 31.0571 | CH5N | 27.6 (CH3) | 2.58 (CH3, s) | – | √ | – |
| 30 | Oxypurinol | 152.1109 | C5H4N4O2 | 128.8 (CH) | 8.2 (CH, s) | – | – | √ |
| 31 | Pinitol | 194.183 | C7H14O6 | 62.3 (CH3) | 3.60 (CH3, s) | 9.8 | √ | √ |
| 72.5 (1CH) | 3.82 (1CH, m) | – | ||||||
| 74.0 (2CH) | 3.56 (2CH, dd) | – | ||||||
| 85.8 (3CH) | 3.35 (3CH, t) | 9.8 | ||||||
| 74.8 (4CH) | 3.35 (4CH, t) | 4.0, 10.3 | ||||||
| 73.2 (5CH) | 3.76 (5CH, dd) | 4.0, 10.3 | ||||||
| 72.5 (6CH) | 3.82 (6CH, m) | – | ||||||
| 32 | Phenylalanine | 165.1891 | C9H11NO2 | 39.2 (Cβ) | 3.09 (Hβ, dd) | 7.0 | √ | – |
| 58.9 (Cα) | 3.99 (Hα, dd) | 6.3 | ||||||
| 132.1 (Cδ) | 7.31 (Hδ, m) | – | ||||||
| 130.4 (Cζ) | 7.36 (Hζ, m) | – | ||||||
| 31.8 (Cε) | 7.41 (Hε, m) | – | ||||||
| 33 | Proline | 115.1305 | C5H9NO2 | 64.2 (Cα) | 4.13 (Hα, m) | – | √ | √ |
| 49.0 (Cδ) | 3.41 (Hδ, m) | – | ||||||
| 31.9 (Cβ) | 2.36 (Hβ, m) | – | ||||||
| 34 | Pyroglutamate | 129.114 | C5H7NO3 | 27.9 (Cγ) | 2.40 (Hγ, m) | – | √ | √ |
| 60.9 (Cα) | 4.16 (Hα, dd) | – | ||||||
| 35 | Pyruvate | 88.0621 | C3H4O3 | 29.3 (CH3) | 2.35 (CH3, s) | – | √ | √ |
| 36 | Sarcosine | 89.0932 | C3H7NO2 | 35.5 (CH3) | 2.73 (CH3, s) | – | √ | – |
| 53.4 (CH2) | 3.61 (CH2, s) | – | ||||||
| 37 | Sucrose | 342.2965 | C12H22O11 | 95.1 (1CH) | 5.42 (1CH, d) | 3.89 | √ | √ |
| 79.8 (3′CH) | 4.22 (3′CH, d) | 8.8 | ||||||
| 76.8 (4′CH) | 4.06 (4′CH, t) | 38.6 | ||||||
| 73.9 (2CH) | 3.56 (2CH, m) | – | ||||||
| 72.1 (3CH) | 3.48 (3CH, m) | – | ||||||
| 65.3 (6CH2) | 3.83 (6CH2, m) | – | ||||||
| 64.2 (1′CH2) | 3.69 (1′CH2, s) | – | ||||||
| 72.1 (3CH) | 3.48 (3CH, m) | – | ||||||
| 38 | Succinate | 118.088 | C4H6O4 | 37.1 (CH2) | 2.41 (CH2, s) | – | √ | – |
| 39 | Syringate | 198.1727 | C9H10O5 | 109.0 (CH) | 7.28 (CH, d) | 1.9 | √ | – |
| 58.7 (CH) | 3.90 (CH3, s) | – | ||||||
| 40 | Theophylline | 180.164 | C7H8N4O2 | 144.4 (CH) | 7.98 (CH, s) | – | √ | √ |
| 32.9 (CH3) | 3.53 (CH3, s) | – | ||||||
| 30.8 (CH3) | 3.35 (CH3, s) | – | ||||||
| 41 | Threonine | 119.1192 | C4H9NO3 | 63.4 (Cα) | 3.55 (Hα, d) | 5.20 | √ | – |
| 23.0 (Cγ) | 1.33 (Hγ, d) | 6.49 | ||||||
| 42 | Trigonelline | 137.136 | C7H7NO2 | 148.2 (2CH) | 9.10 (2CH, s) | 8.80 | √ | √ |
| 147.4 (4,6CH) | 8.84 (4,6CH, t) | 7.37 | ||||||
| 130.5 (5CH) | 8.08 (5CH, t) | |||||||
| 51.1 (1CH3) | 4.42 (1CH3, s) | |||||||
| 43 | Tyrosine | 181.1885 | C9H11NO3 | 38.2 (Cβ) | 3.10 (Hβ, dd) | 7.30, 14.30 | √ | – |
| 44 | Valine | 117.1463 | C5H11NO2 | 63.0 (Cα) | 3.60 (Hα, d) | 4.54 | √ | – |
| 20.8 (Cγ) | 0.98 (Hγ, d) | 7.10 | ||||||
| 19.5 (Cγ) | 1.03 (Hγ, d) | 7.10 | ||||||
| 45 | Myo-Inositol | 180.1559 | C6H12O6 | 77.0 (CH) | 3.30 (CH, t) | – | √ | √ |
| 73.8 (CH) | 3.60 (CH, dd) | 4.3, 1.8 |