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. 2025 Aug 11;7:1582406. doi: 10.3389/frph.2025.1582406

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© 2025 Kuck and Hogervorst.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph showing mean perceived stress levels across different exercise groups with error bars indicating 95% confidence intervals. Stress is highest with mindfulness alone and lowest with yoga. Stress levels for no exercise, physical activity, any two combined exercises, and all three exercises are relatively similar and lower than mindfulness. — Mean perceived stress levels across different exercise groups.