Figure 3.

Effects of postconception paternal predation risk on social interaction and parental investment. (A) Schematics of experimental procedures used in this study; (B) retreating of male subject following odor exposure; (C) licking/grooming of their female mates; (D) % time of male subject and (E) their female mates spent in the center of open field; n = 10 for each treatment; (F) representative trajectory diagram of the open-field test; (G) paternal investment; (H) maternal investment; n = 8 for each group. Main effect of paternal treatment (*P < 0.05). Turkey’s post hoc test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). DW, distilled water; RO, rabbit odor; CO, cat odor; PND, postnatal day; PP, postpartum day. The error bars represent ± standard error.