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. 2024 Oct 21;71(4):456–468. doi: 10.1093/cz/zoae064

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Editorial Office, Current Zoology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

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Alt text: Acoustic traits of duets allow for the correct classification of rufous hornero populations (A), pairs (B), and individuals (C) more accurately than expected by chance (dashed lines). — Percentage of populations (A), pairs (B), sexes, and individuals (C) of rufous horneros correctly cross-classified (bars) compared to chance expectation (dashed lines), based on permuted discriminant function analyses (pDFAs) on duet traits. pDFAs using pair-level traits (A and B) were conducted across different hierarchical levels of duet (CoD: complete duet; OvS: overlapping duet section; OvP: overlapping syllable parts) and types of acoustic measurements (Sp: spectro-temporal; Ts: temporal structure). pDFAs using individual-level duet traits (C) were conducted on spectro-temporal measurements of non-overlapping syllable parts (Sp) and/or temporal structure measurements of duet phrases (Ts).