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. 2024 Oct 21;71(4):456–468. doi: 10.1093/cz/zoae064

Figure 3.

Alt text: Pair components of duets vary more among pairs (B: green bars) than individual components of duets vary among individuals (A: yellow bars), suggesting that pairs can be more easily distinguished than individuals using duet acoustic information in rufous horneros.

Variance in individual-level (A) and pair-level (B) duet traits explained by the identities of population, pair, sex, and individual. Variance explained is interpreted as partial R² values obtained by PERMANOVAs. Specifically, for pair-level duet traits, the analysis considers population and pair identities, whereas for individual-level duet traits, the analysis encompasses population, pair, sex, and individual identities. PERMANOVAs using pair-level traits (A and B) were conducted across different hierarchical levels of duet (CoD: complete duet; OvS: overlapping duet section; OvP: overlapping syllable parts) and types of acoustic measurements (Sp: spectro-temporal; Ts: temporal structure). PERMANOVAs using individual-level duet traits (C) were conducted on spectro-temporal measurements of non-overlapping syllable parts (Sp) and/or temporal structure measurements of duet phrases (Ts).