TABLE 5.
Association of serum reproductive hormone self-reported frequency of sleep disturbances, insomnia, and restless sleep in midlife women, stratified by self-reported smoking status
| Hormones | Sleep disturbances b (95% CI)a | Insomnia b (95% CI)a | Restless sleep b (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Estradiol | |||
| Nonsmokers | −0.0036 (−0.0085 to 0.0012) | −0.0031 (−0.008 to 0.0017) | −0.0022 (−0.0076 to 0.0030) |
| Former smokers | −0.0020 (−0.0084 to 0.0039) | −0.0011 (−0.0076 to 0.0048) | −0.0040 (−0.011 to 0.0024) |
| Current smokers | 0.000027 (−0.017 to 0.016) | −0.0082 (−0.025 to 0.0082) | −0.011 (−0.029 to 0.0064) |
| Progesterone | |||
| Nonsmokers | −0.12 (−0.26 to −0.014) | −0.085 (−0.24 to 0.022) | −0.097 (−0.27 to 0.031) |
| Former smokers | −0.31 (−0.57 to −0.052) | −0.25 (−0.54 to 0.019) | −0.12 (−0.43 to 0.18) |
| Current smokers | 0.045 (−0.54 to 0.57) | −0.19 (−0.93 to 0.40) | 0.20 (−0.41 to 0.75) |
| Testosterone | |||
| Nonsmokers | −0.33 (−0.69 to 0.03) | −0.40 (−0.81 to −0.015) | −0.22 (−0.67 to 0.20) |
| Former smokers | −0.42 (−1.1 to 0.22) | −0.20 (−0.91 to 0.44) | −0.25 (−1.0 to 0.43) |
| Current smokers | 0.16 (−2.1 to 2.3) | −0.71 (−3.4 to 1.6) | −0.47 (−2.9 to 1.8) |
| SHBG | |||
| Nonsmokers | 0.0030 (−0.0025 to 0.0086) | 0.0017 (−0.0039 to 0.0073) | 0.0018 (−0.0039 to 0.0075) |
| Former smokers | −0.0017 (−0.0078 to 0.0046) | −0.0028 (−0.0089 to 0.0033) | −0.0040 (−0.011 to 0.0025) |
| Current smokers | −0.0053 (−0.023 to 0.012) | −0.010 (−0.027 to 0.0064) | −0.0092 (−0.028 to 0.0094) |
| Free Estradiol Index | |||
| Nonsmokers | −0.68 (−1.3 to −0.061) | −0.77 (−1.5 to −0.10) | −0.59 (−1.3 to 0.12) |
| Former smokers | −0.20 (−1.2 to 0.80) | 0.14 (−0.88 to 1.1) | 0.051 (−1.0 to 1.1) |
| Current smokers | −0.53 (−2.8 to 1.6) | −0.84 (−3.2 to 1.3) | −1.4 (−4.3 to 0.95) |
| Free Testosterone Index | |||
| Nonsmokers | −0.035 (−0.080 to 0.0099) | −0.064 (−0.13 to −0.0094) | −0.026 (−0.087 to 0.027) |
| Former smokers | −0.027 (−0.16 to 0.10) | 0.041 (−0.091 to 0.17) | 0.099 (−0.044 to 0.24) |
| Current smokers | −0.098 (−0.55 to 0.35) | −0.26 (−0.74 to 0.20) | −0.28 (−0.78 to 0.20) |
| Estradiol:Progesterone | |||
| Nonsmokers | 1.2 (0.26 to 2.2) | 1.0 (0.061 to 2.0) | 0.90 (−0.072 to 1.9) |
| Former smokers | 0.027 (−1.2 to 1.2) | 0.40 (−0.77 to 1.6) | −0.013 (−1.4 to 1.3) |
| Current Smokers | −0.18 (−1.7 to 1.2) | −0.21 (−1.7 to 1.2) | −0.26 (−2.0 to 1.2) |
| Estradiol:Testosterone | |||
| Nonsmokers | −0.34 (−1.6 to 0.92) | 0.48 (−0.80 to 1.7) | −0.67 (−2.2 to 0.74) |
| Former smokers | 0.42 (−0.73 to 1.6) | −0.0049 (−1.2 to 1.2) | −0.48 (−1.7 to 1.6) |
| Current smokers | 0.26 (−3.7 to 4.2) | 0.28 (−3.5 to 4.1) | −0.57 (−4.7 to 3.5) |
Values in bold indicate significant associations.
BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression; CI, Confidence interval; QOL, quality of life; SHBG, serum hormone binding globulin.
a
Adjusted for BMI, menopause status, hot flashes at night, smoking status, CES-D score, and present QOL.