TABLE 7.
Association of sum phthalate measures and self-reported frequency of sleep disturbances, insomnia, and restless sleep in midlife women, stratified by self-reported smoking status
| Sleep disturbances β (95% CI)a | Insomnia β (95% CI)a | Restless sleep β (95% CI)a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sumPCP | |||
| Nonsmokers | 0.021 (−0.10 to 0.15) | 0.077 (−0.046 to 0.20) | 0.050 (−0.080 to 0.18) |
| Former smokers | −0.20 (−0.37 to −0.034) | −0.23 (−0.41 to −0.063) | −0.26 (−0.45 to −0.082) |
| Current smokers | 0.040 (−0.27 to 0.36) | −0.13 (−0.45 to 0.19) | 0.011 (−0.32 to 0.33) |
| sumDEHP | |||
| Nonsmokers | 0.51 (−0.093 to 1.1) | 0.43 (−0.18 to 1.0) | 0.48 (−0.15 to 1.1) |
| Former smokers | −0.73 (−1.5 to 0.086) | −0.88 (−1.7 to −0.049) | −0.77 (−1.7 to 0.094) |
| Current smokers | 0.22 (−2.0 to 2.4) | 0.76 (−1.5 to 3.0) | 0.73 (−1.9 to 3.3) |
| sumAA | |||
| Nonsmokers | 0.23 (−0.26 to 0.72) | 0.14 (−0.37 to 0.64) | 0.40 (−0.12 to 0.92) |
| Former smokers | −0.37 −1 to 0.31) | −0.68 (−1.4 to 0.0048) | −0.38 (−1.1 to 0.32) |
| Current smokers | 0.55 (−1.0 to 2.1) | 0.45 (−1.1 to 2.0) | 1.0 (−0.80 to 2.8) |
| sumPLASTIC | |||
| Nonsmokers | 0.47 (−0.099 to 1.0) | 0.35 (−0.22 to 0.93) | 0.47 (−0.13 to 1.1) |
| Former smokers | −0.62 (−1.4 to 0.17) | −0.83 (−1.7 to −0.025) | −0.69 (−1.6 to 0.14) |
| Current smokers | 0.21 (−1.9 to 2.2) | 0.66 (−1.4 to 2.7) | 0.56 (−1.9 to 2.9) |
| sumALL | |||
| Nonsmokers | 0.035 (−0.09 to 0.16) | 0.096 (−0.026 to 0.22) | 0.070 (−0.060 to 0.20) |
| Former smokers | −0.22 (−0.39 to −0.042) | −0.25 (−0.44 to −0.077) | −0.25 (−0.45 to −0.069) |
| Current smokers | 0.0028 (−0.32 to 0.33) | −0.14 (−0.48 to 0.18) | 0.041 (−0.31 to 0.38) |
Values in bold indicate statistically significant associations.
sumPCP is the sum of phthalate metabolites present in personal care products: MBP + MEP.
sumDEHP is the sum of DEHP metabolites: MECPP + MEHHP + MEHP + MEOHP.
sumAA is the sum of phthalate metabolites with known androgenic activity: sumDEHP + MBP + MBzP + MiBP.
sumPLASTIC is the sum of phthalate metabolites from plastic sources: sumDEHP + MCPP + MBzP.
sumALL is the sum of all calculated phthalate metabolites: sumDEHP + MCPP + MBzP + MEP + MBP + MiBP.
AA, antiandrogenic; BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression; CI, Confidence interval; DEHP, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MBP, monobutyl phthalate; MBzP, monobenzyl phthalate; MCEPP, mono-(5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl) phthalate; MCPP, mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate; MEHHP, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEHP, monoethylhexyl phthalate; MEOHP, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; MEP, monoethyl phthalate; MiBP, monoisobutyl phthalate; PCP, personal care products; QOL, quality of life.
Adjusted for BMI, menopause status, hot flashes at night, smoking status, CES-D score, and present QOL.