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. 2025 Aug 6;16:1539924. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1539924

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Copyright © 2025 Lian, Zhu, Hu, Su, Xu and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating a block processing model with circuits and functions. Inputs include memory from a previous block, output of a previous block, and an input vector at time t minus one. Symbols like sigma and pi indicate processing steps, leading to outputs of the current block at time t, shown as memory and final output. — LSTM repeating module.