Table 3:

Coding themes and barriers to B-CPR

	OHCA barriers (previously described) (19)	OA-OHCA barriers (new themes)
Communication barriers	Communication failure Language barrier Noisy environment	Interference from bystanders Caller frustration/impatience
Physical barriers	Bystander’s physical limitations Patient physical attributes Physical access barriers Physical location barriers
Psychological barriers	Lack of confidence Emotional distress Fear of touching patient Medicolegal concerns	Fear of drugs Fear of patient
Societal barriers		Apathy to assistance Conflicting responsibilities Legal concerns
Naloxone barriers		Lack of availability Lack of knowledge on use