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. 2025 Aug 20;18:4601–4613. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S526262

Table 1.

Characteristic of Included Studies

Authors, Year, and Sample Size Study Design Type of Amputation Time Since Amputation (Mean) Gender Prosthesis Use (N) Handedness Before Amputation Amputation Side
Ersland et al (1997)26
(n=1)		 Case report UL
Traumatic		 1.5 years M N/A R R
Lotze et al (2001)27
(n=14)		 Case control UL
11 traumatic
1 infection
2 cancer		 17.21 years 4 F/10 M N/A 9 R/ 5 L 9 R/ 5 L
Dettmers et al (2001)28
(n=16)		 Case control UL
13 traumatic,
2 infection,
1 pathological fracture		 12 years 2 F/14 M N/A N/A 10 R/6 L
Roux et al (2003)29
(n=10)		 Case control UL (8)/LL (2)
9 traumatic
1 ischemic		 13 years 4 F/6 M N/A 10 R 6 RUL/
2 LUL/
2 RLL
1 LLL
Maclver et al (2008)30
(n= 13)		 Case control UL
12 traumatic
1 cancer		 24 years 2 F/11 M 8 N/A 9 R/ 4 L
Raffin et al (2016)31
(n=11)		 Case control UL
11 traumatic		 7.5 years 4 F/ 7 M 5 11 R 5 R/ 6 L
Makin et al (2013)32
(n=18)		 Case control UL 18 years N/A N/A 6 R/ 12 L 13 R/ 5 L
Foell et al (2014)33
(n=13)		 Case control UL
12 traumatic
1 vascular disease		 21.3 years 4 F/ 9 M 5 12 R/1 L 5 R/8 L
Kikkert et al (2017)34
(n=15)		 Case control UL
13 traumatic
1 vascular disease
1 cancer		 16 years 4 F/11 M 11 10 R/ 5 L 6 R/ 9 L
Kikkert et al (2018)35
(n=15)		 Case control UL
13 traumatic
1 cancer
1 vascular disease		 16 years 4 F/11 M 13 11 R/4 L 6 R/11 L
Duarte et al (2020)36
(n=18)		 Cross-sectional study LL N/A 8 F/10 M N/A N/A 8 R/10 L
Andoh et al (2020)37
(n=20)		 Case control UL 18 years 10F /10M N/A N/A 10 R/10 L
Zheng et al (2020)13
(n=20)		 Cross-sectional study LL
11 traumatic
7 cancer
2 vascular disease		 3 years 7 F/23 M N/A N/A 9 R/11 L

Abbreviations: UL, upper limb; LL, lower limb; M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left; RUL, right upper limb; LUL, left upper limb; RLL, right lower limb; LLL, left lower limb.