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. 2025 Aug 25;13:185. doi: 10.1186/s40337-025-01382-z

Table 1.

Characteristics of the university students according of the eating disorder category (N = 1826)

Total %
(N = 1826)
No ED
(n = 962)
Restrictive ED (n = 90) Hyperphagic ED (n = 143) Bulimic ED (n = 528) Other ED (n = 103) P
Gender (%) < 0.0001
 Women 74.6 65.5 72.2 83.9 87.5 77.7
 Men 25.4 34.5 27.8 16.1 12.5 22.3
Curricula (%) < 0.0001
 Healthcare 48.4 51.0 46.7 34.3 46.4 55.3
 Science 17.7 20.5 14.4 18.2 12.5 20.4
 Others* 33.9 28.5 38.9 47.5 41.1 24.3
Year of study (%) < 0.0001
 1 30.1 27.9 43.3 23.8 36.0 19.4
 2 19.7 18.6 23.3 19.6 20.1 22.3
 3 16.7 14.7 14.5 19.6 17.4 25.2
 4 and 5 24.7 26.0 14.5 28.7 22.1 31.1
 6 and more 8.8 12.8 4.4 8.4 4.4 1.9
HEAS-13 (%) < 0.0001
 Q1 24.3 30.7 15.6 21.7 16.1 22.23
 Q2 26.6 26.9 23.3 22.4 26.9 27.2
 Q3 25.7 23.2 27.8 25.1 29.2 28.2
 Q4 23.4 19.2 33.3 30.8 27.8 22.3

Insomnia Severity

Index (%)

< 0.0001
 No 43.2 54.4 25.0 33.8 29.6 37.3
 Subthreshold 37.1 34.9 42.0 35.2 40.6 38.2
 Moderate/severe 19.7 10.7 33.0 31.0 29.8 24.5
CESD-8 (%) 17.8 (5.5) 16.1 (4.7) 20.2 (5.6) 20.0 (5.5) 19.7 (5.8) 18.6 (5.5) < 0.0001
Quality of life(%) 22.9 (6.8) 24.3 (6.3) 21.0 (6.3) 19.9 (7.1) 21.4 (7.1) 22.6 (6.6) < 0.0001

Malasch burn out inventory

Emotional exhaustion (%)

< 0.0001
 Low 18.6 24.6 12.5 13.4 10.7 14.7
 Moderate 55.7 57.1 52.3 54.9 53.5 58.8
 High 25.7 18.3 35.3 31.7 35.8 26.5
Cynicism (%) < 0.0001
 Low 61.3 69.1 48.9 45.1 53.5 61.8
 Moderate 26.8 22.4 39.8 35.2 30.7 24.5
 High 11.9 8.5 11.3 19.7 15.8 13.7
Academic efficacy (%) < 0.0001
 Low 8.6 5.9 6.8 11.3 12.8 9.8
 Moderate 68.0 66.7 66.2 73.2 68.1 71.6
 High 23.4 27.3 25.0 15.5 19.1 18.6

HEAS: Hogg Eco Anxiety Scale; CESD: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression