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. 2025 Aug 25;25:616. doi: 10.1186/s12876-025-04227-w

Table 1.

Patients characteristics between the H. pylori-positive and the H. pylori-negative group

Variables H. pylori-negative H. pylori-positive P
n = 892 n = 732
Sex, %
 Male 547(61.3%) 480 (65.6%) 0.077
 Female 345(38.7%) 252(34.4%)
Age, %
 < 60 637(71.4%) 549(75.0%) 0.105
 ≥ 60 255(28.6%) 183(25.0%)
Marital status, %
 Unmarried 321(36.0%) 284(38.8%) 0.244
 Married 571(64.0%) 448(61.2%)
Smoking, %
 No 647(72.5%) 535(73.1%) 0.803
 Yes 245(27.5%) 197(26.9%)
Drinking, %
 No 685(76.8%) 554(75.7%) 0.601
 Yes 207(23.2%) 178(24.3%)
Medical Insurance, %
 Resident Medical Insurance 553(62.0%) 459(62.7%) 0.769
 Employee Medical Insurance 339(38.0%) 273(37.3%)
Place of Residence, %
 Urban Residents 495(55.5%) 394(53.8%) 0.502
 Rural Residents 397(44.5%) 338(46.2%)
Duration of Hospitalization, %
 < 7 days 682(76.5%) 529(72.3%) 0.054
 ≥ 7 days 210(23.5%) 203(27.7%)
Patient source, %
 Initially presenting patients 744(84.3%) 602(82.2%) 0.534
 Referred patients 148(16.7%) 130(17.8%)
Method of H. pylori diagnosis, %
 Rapid urease test 557(62.4%) 437(59.7%) 0.362
 Urea Breath Test 335(37.6%) 295(40.3%)
Previous H. pylori infection, %
 No 486(54.5%) 393(53.7%) 0.816
 Yes 258(28.9%) 222(30.3%)
 Unknown 148(16.6%) 117(16.0%)
Previous Clostridioides difficile infection, %
 No 754(84.5%) 655(89.5%) 0.051
 Yes 71(8.0%) 36(4.9%)
 Unknown 67(7.5%) 41(5.6%)
Clostridioides difficile infection, %
 No 812(91.0%) 632(86.3%) 0.003
 Yes 80(9.0%) 100(13.7%)
Inflammatory bowel disease, %
 No 608(68.2%) 509(69.5%) 0.552
 Yes 284(31.8%) 223(30.5%)
Liver cirrhosis, %
 No 761(85.3%) 601(82.1%) 0.08
 Yes 131(14.7%) 131(17.9%)
Malignant tumors, %
 No 754(84.5%) 626(85.5%) 0.579
 Yes 138(15.5%) 106(14.5%)
Diabetes, %
 No 778(87.2%) 645(88.1%) 0.586
 Yes 114(12.8%) 87(11.9%)
Cardiovascular disease, %
 No 690(77.4%) 559(76.4%) 0.638
 Yes 202(22.6%) 173(23.6%)
Malnutrition, %
 No 833(93.4%) 660(90.2%) 0.018
 Yes 59(6.6%) 72(9.8%)
Peptic ulcer, %
 No 835(93.6%) 637(87.0%) < 0.001
 Yes 57(6.4%) 95(13.0%)
Atrophic gastritis, %
 No 756(84.8%) 500(68.3%) < 0.001
 Yes 136(15.2%) 232(31.7%)
Prior probiotics use, %
 No 483(54.1%) 346(47.3%) 0.006
 Yes 409(45.9%) 386(52.7%)
Prior antibiotic use, %
 No 672(75.3%) 571(78.0%) 0.207
 Yes 220(24.7%) 161(22.0%)
Prior proton-pump inhibitors use, %
 No 611(68.5%) 527(72.0%) 0.126
 Yes 281(31.5%) 205(28.0%)