. 2025 Aug 25;19:78. doi: 10.1186/s13036-025-00546-4

Table 4.

Removal capability (%) of SmChiA immobilized onto SA-mRHP beads with 50% mRHP for structurally different synthetic dyes at 30 °C for different incubation times

Different dyes	SA-mRHP beads			Free SmChiA			Immobilized SmChiA
Different dyes	0.25 g	0.5 g	0.75 g	0.437(U/0.25 ml)	0.875(U/0.5 ml)	1.31(U/0.75 ml)	0.437(U/0.25 g)	0.875(U/0.5 g)	1.31(U/0.75 g)
Dye removal (%)
Crystal violet
24 h	13.19 ± 0.99^b	17.90 ± 1.66^b	27.08 ± 0.65^c	24.72 ± 1.33^b	28.96 ± 0.66^b	36.72 ± 1.00^c	75.95 ± 0.07^d	75.60 ± 0.16^d	89.64 ± 0.64^ab
48 h	31.78 ± 1.33^a	37.66 ± 0.33^a	38.13 ± 0.98^b	42.84 ± 0.33^a	44.25 ± 4.32^a	48.48 ± 0.99^b	84.16 ± 0.17^c	83.98 ± 0.03^c	75.01 ± 0.34^b
72 h	32.72 ± 0.67^a	38.13 ± 0.99^a	41.89 ± 0.90^a	44.25 ± 0.33^a	47.78 ± 0.65^a	53.42 ± 0.67^a	97.38 ± 0.03^b	97.97 ± 0.07^b	95.73 ± 0.64^a
84 h	33.43 ± 0.33^a	37.43 ± 0.66^a	41.66 ± 1.30^a	44.72 ± 0.32^a	49.66 ± 4.65^a	53.65 ± 0.33^a	98.49 ± 0.20^a	99.57 ± 0.06^a	99.88 ± 0.64^a
F-value	67.32 ^***	182.52 ^***	92.14 ^***	353.45 ^***	17.14 ^*	197.84 ^***	12921.31 ^***	28114.86 ^***	5.905
Malachite green
24 h	10.37 ± 1.33^c	16.98 ± 2.67^c	25.47 ± 1.07^c	19.81 ± 0.24^c	31.13 ± 0.52^c	35.84 ± 0.38^c	44.15 ± 0.26^c	61.22 ± 0.14^c	61.98 ± 0.38^d
48 h	18.86 ± 2.66^b	27.35 ± 4.00^b	36.79 ± 1.23^b	27.35 ± 0.46^bc	47.16 ± 0.83^b	56.60 ± 0.21^b	76.69 ± 0.13^b	79.52 ± 0.40^b	91.98 ± 0.45^c
72 h	24.52 ± 2.61^ab	39.62 ± 2.66^a	47.16 ± 1.45^a	36.79 ± 0.29^b	58.49 ± 0.36^a	67.92 ± 0.93^a	85.75 ± 1.46^a	92.92 ± 1.20^a	95.47 ± 0.28^b
84 h	30.18 ± 2.65^a	40.283 ± 1.20^a	53.77 ± 0.70^a	50.00 ± 0.31^a	59.43 ± 0.16^a	69.81 ± 0.18^a	85.28 ± 0.27^a	94.15 ± 0.27^a	98.54 ± 0.08^a
F-value	24.69 ^**	31.14 ^**	29.95 ^**	27.19**	26.04 ^**	68.33 ^**	1336.21 ^***	1111.19***	5734.32 ^***
Safranin
24 h	8.20 ± 0.90^c	14.17 ± 0.91^c	27.61 ± 0.19^b	17.53 ± 0.73^d	30.59 ± 0.7^c	37.68 ± 0.66^c	52.16 ± 0.42^c	60.33 ± 0.58^d	64.29 ± 0.11^d
48 h	14.92 ± 0.54^b	20.52 ± 0.24^b	34.70 ± 0.15^a	31.64 ± 0.18^c	37.68 ± 0.66^b	44.70 ± 0.15^b	63.17 ± 0.16^b	67.76 ± 0.12^c	78.61 ± 0.26^c
72 h	20.89 ± 0.55^a	30.22 ± 0.39^a	36.56 ± 0.72^a	38.32 ± 0.09^b	46.26 ± 0.87^a	50.74 ± 0.63^a	74.21 ± 0.64^a	75.33 ± 0.51^b	85.55 ± 0.15^b
84 h	24.25 ± 0.37^a	28.73 ± 0.13^a	36.19 ± 0.04^a	43.32 ± 0.09^a	46.38 ± 0.06^a	51.71 ± 0.64^a	75.00 ± 0^a	79.47 ± 0.76^a	91.79 ± 0.12a
F-value	57.21 ^***	27.31 ^**	50.267 ^**	806.11 ^***	77.34 ^***	41.21 ^**	120.96 ^***	440.98 ^***	241.63 ^***
Methylene blue
24 h	2.65 ± 0.02^c	9.89 ± 0.40^d	13.95 ± 0.76^d	11.66 ± 0.08^c	20.31 ± 0.81^c	30.38 ± 0.87^c	31.80 ± 0.21^d	48.63 ± 0.96^d	47.52 ± 0.65^d
48 h	7.06 ± 0.71^b	17.66 ± 0.78^c	30.74 ± 0.20^c	14.66 ± 0.43^c	24.91 ± 0.17^b	34.09 ± 0.89^b	40.98 ± 0.94^c	59.71 ± 0.73^c	62.19 ± 0.08^c
72 h	9.54 ± 0.06^b	26.32 ± 0.51^b	35.33 ± 0.57^b	21.37 ± 0.81^b	31.80 ± 0.21^a	37.98 ± 0.59^a	45.93 ± 0.64^b	63.42 ± 0.76^b	69.08 ± 0.13^b
84 h	18.02 ± 0.12^a	37.98 ± 0.59^a	41.69 ± 0.61^a	28.26 ± 0.86^a	33.74 ± 0.56^a	37.98 ± 0.74^a	54.06 ± 0.36^a	69.43 ± 0.46^a	72.79 ± 0.15^a
F-value	93.91^***	134.89^***	368.24^***	41.26^**	89.81^***	63.04^***	277.96^***	443.82^***	379.23^***
Naphthol Blue Black
24 h	2.80 ± 0.36^c	4.84 ± 0.69^b	7.65 ± 0.31^b	11.54 ± 0.59^a	13.54 ± 0.18^a	14.05 ± 0.71^a	10.45 ± 0.92^c	12.21 ± 0.94^b	12.50 ± 0^c
48 h	5.35 ± 0.71^b	7.14 ± 0.29^b	9.18 ± 0.37^b	12.57 ± 0.14^a	13.39 ± 0.18^a	15.07 ± 0.76^a	9.18 ± 0.37^c	13.52 ± 0.04^b	21.68 ± 0.37^b
72 h	8.67 ± 0.35^a	11.98 ± 0.23^a	14.03 ± 0.06^a	14.00 ± 0.71^a	15.03 ± 0.27^a	17.28 ± 0.37^a	16.58 ± 0.16^b	22.19 ± 0.39^a	32.65 ± 0.72^a
84 h	9.18 ± 0.37^a	11.98 ± 0.36^a	14.54 ± 0.08^a	15.48 ± 0.78^a	15.34 ± 0.29^a	17.33 ± 0.88^a	20.91 ± 0.84^a	24.23 ± 0.47^a	33.92 ± 0.86^a
F-value	30.59 ^**	34.36 ^**	73.20 ^***	0.129	0.098	0.534	102.37 ^***	99.62***	417.13 ^***
Eosin
24 h	0	0.90 ± 0.36^b	1.20 ± 0.48^c	0.90 ± 0.36^b	1.20 ± 0.48^c	2.10 ± 0.84^c	0.75 ± 0.30^c	2.50 ± 0.97^c	8.97 ± 0.59^c
48 h	0.60 ± 0.24^ab	0.90 ± 0.42^b	1.80 ± 0.72^bc	0.60 ± 0.24^b	2.10 ± 0.84^c	4.51 ± 0.81^c	3.01 ± 0.20^bc	7.83 ± 0.13^b	11.44 ± 0.58^bc
72 h	1.50 ± 0.6^ab	0.60 ± 0.24^b	3.61 ± 0.45^b	6.02 ± 0.41^a	6.62 ± 0.65^b	9.03 ± 0.61^b	6.62 ± 0.65^b	9.33 ± 0.73^b	14.15 ± 0.66^b
84 h	3.31 ± 0.33^a	5.72 ± 0.29^a	6.32 ± 0.53^a	5.42 ± 0.17^a	12.04 ± 0.82^a	14.75 ± 0.90^a	13.25 ± 0.30^a	18.07 ± 0.23^a	21.98 ± 0.80^a
F-value	4.18	11.63*	17.92 ^**	17.44 ^**	29.43 ^**	59.41 ^***	22.56**	128.84 ^***	45.51 ^**
Phenol red
24 h	0.28 ± 0.09^b	3.37 ± 0.08^a	8.14 ± 0.61^b	0.84 ± 0.27^c	17.97 ± 0.75^a	30.61 ± 0.80^a	20.50 ± 0.56^c	25.28 ± 0.09^c	33.42 ± 0.70^c
48 h	0	8.14 ± 0.61^a	11.23 ± 0.6^ab	7.86 ± 0.52^b	13.76 ± 0.14^b	24.71 ± 0.91^b	24.43 ± 0.82^b	37.19 ± 0.10^b	41.79 ± 0.78^b
72 h	2.80 ± 0.09^a	11.51 ± 0.69^a	14.60 ± 0.67^a	10.95 ± 0.51^ab	14.60 ± 0.67^b	18.53 ± 0.93^c	29.77 ± 0.53^a	35.95 ± 0.51^b	41.76 ± 0.97^b
84 h	2.52 ± 0.81^a	14.32 ± 0.58^a	13.76 ± 0.4^a	13.48 ± 0.31^a	12.92 ± 0.13^b	19.10 ± 0.11^c	31.46 ± 0.07^a	47.75 ± 0.28^a	53.08 ± 0.99^a
F-value	7.81 ^*	1.699	9.30 ^*	19.43 ^**	7.54 ^*	24.91 ^**	42.53 ^**	118.35 ^***	123.58 ^***

Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviations of values from triplicate experiments

* significant difference at p < 0.05

** significant difference at p < 0.01

***significant difference at p < 0.001

The values in the same column with the same letter for each dye are not significant different

SmChiA: chitinase A from S. marcescens

RHP: rice husk powder