. 2025 Aug 25;19:78. doi: 10.1186/s13036-025-00546-4

Table 5.

Removal capability (%) of SmChiA immobilized onto SA-mRHP beads with 50% mRHP for structurally different synthetic dyes at 40 °C for different incubation times

Different dyes	SA-mRHP beads			Free SmChiA			Immobilized SmChiA
Different dyes	0.25 g	0.5 g	0.75 g	0.437(U/0.25 ml)	0.875(U/0.5 ml)	1.31(U/0.75 ml)	0.437(U/0.25 g)	0.875(U/0.5 g)	1.31(U/0.75 g)
Dye removal (%)
Crystal violet
24 h	4.02 ± 3.99^b	10.37 ± 1.69^c	16.96 ± 0.98^c	17.88 ± 2.31^b	20.24 ± 0.31^c	27.29 ± 2.31^b	48.71 ± 2.66^c	66.83 ± 0.20^c	70.87 ± 0.07^d
48 h	14.84 ± 1.33^a	18.37 ± 0.99^b	22.84 ± 0.56^b	22.12 ± 1.65^b	24.47 ± 0.36^b	32.47 ± 0.35^a	68.68 ± 0.37^b	82.76 ± 3.01^b	91.41 ± 0.03^c
72 h	20.48 ± 0.63^a	22.37 ± 0.60^a	26.84 ± 0.99^a	31.06 ± 0.31^a	38.82 ± 1.97^a	32.23 ± 0.68^a	92.68 ± 0.10^a	93.64 ± 0.19^a	94.66 ± 0.17^b
84 h	20.95 ± 0.66^a	23.54 ± 1.66^a	27.54 ± 0.63^a	31.29 ± 1.30^a	40.23 ± 1.30^a	32.23 ± 0.01^a	94.21 ± 0.07^a	94.26 ± 0.13^a	96.28 ± 0.13^a
F-value	26.69 ^**	40.69 ^**	65.53 ^***	36.11 ^**	139.08 ^***	8.56 ^*	519.13 ^***	143.50 ^***	21864.52 ^***
Malachite green
24 h	21.41 ± 0.73^b	25.47 ± 0.39^c	37.73 ± 0.23^c	27.35 ± 0.41^c	36.79 ± 0.71^c	50.00 ± 0.29^b	50.84 ± 0.91^b	70.94 ± 0.24^c	73.67 ± 0.92^c
48 h	29.15 ± 0.54^a	41.50 ± 0.63^b	46.22 ± 0.16^b	39.62 ± 0.35^b	52.83 ± 0 ^b	67.92 ± 0.45^a	85.66 ± 0.04^a	90.47 ± 0.17^a	94.15 ± 0.09^ab
72 h	30.66 ± 0.70^a	51.88 ± 0.41^a	62.26 ± 0.68^a	49.05 ± 0.69^a	58.49 ± 0.06^a	70.75 ± 0.47^a	85.94 ± 0.34^a	89.43 ± 0.40^b	93.58 ± 0.49^b
84 h	30.84 ± 0.25^a	54.24 ± 0.78^a	62.73 ± 0.22^a	50.94 ± 0.19^a	60.37 ± 0.74^a	69.81 ± 0.13^a	85.94 ± 0.32^a	90.00 ± 0^ab	95.18 ± 0.87^a
F-value	15.9 ^*	54.09 ^**	42.04 ^**	20.94 ^**	57.29 ^**	16.66 ^*	36.81 ^**	1940.49 ^**	1143.17 ^***
Safranin
24 h	13.43 ± 0.28^c	20.52 ± 0.24^c	35.07 ± 0.46^c	28.84 ± 0.33^c	32.68 ± 0.66^d	36.60 ± 0.45^d	53.88 ± 0.06^d	60.48 ± 0.51^d	80.67 ± 0.16^c
48 h	20.14 ± 0.93^b	28.65 ± 0.67^b	39.02 ± 0.69^b	37.53 ± 0.73^b	44.17 ± 0.91^c	50.29 ± 0.85^b	56.94 ± 0.03^c	69.51 ± 0.49^c	81.75 ± 0.37^c
72 h	28.09 ± 0.71^a	38.99 ± 0.25^a	44.25 ± 0.37^a	38.65 ± 0.67^b	45.74 ± 0.63^b	54.14 ± 0.18^a	65.82 ± 0.09^b	70.74 ± 0.63^b	86.15 ± 0.67^b
84 h	26.71 ± 0.64^a	38.58 ± 0.21^a	43.99 ± 0.25^a	43.69 ± 0.40^a	47.53 ± 0.13^a	48.65 ± 0.67^c	74.29 ± 0.26^a	78.88 ± 0.06^a	92.01 ± 0.49^a
F-value	38.67 ^**	184.72 ^***	30.49 ^**	207.99 ^***	1616.4 ^***	397.80 ^***	287.68 ^***	3017.61 ^***	213.28 ^***
Methylene blue
24 h	0.70 ± 0.67^d	3.88 ± 0.69^d	7.24 ± 0.38^d	9.18 ± 0.73^c	14.31 ± 0.1^d	26.50 ± 0.18^c	27.38 ± 0.52^c	37.72 ± 0.08^d	49.82 ± 0.33^c
48 h	3.35 ± 0.69^c	9.54 ± 0.06^c	12.72 ± 0.08^c	11.30 ± 0.74^c	16.60 ± 0.78^c	24.02 ± 0.83^c	35.33 ± 0.57^b	52.29 ± 0.68^c	59.89 ± 0.4^b
72 h	6.71 ± 0.38^b	15.90 ± 0.11^b	25.79 ± 0.51^b	16.43 ± 0.11^b	24.38 ± 0.16^b	30.74 ± 0.2^b	38.86 ± 0.93^ab	55.83 ± 0.04^b	62.01 ± 0.41^b
84 h	13.78 ± 0.09^a	19.61 ± 0.13^a	31.44 ± 0.88^a	30.63 ± 0.60^a	31.09 ± 0.54^a	35.15 ± 0.90^a	41.87 ± 0.28^a	60.07 ± 0.07^a	67.31 ± 0.45^a
F-value	163.98^***	84.72^***	329.87^***	254.37^***	227.74^***	47.23^**	23.41^**	187.94^***	134.76^***
Naphthol Blue Black
24 h	4.33 ± 0.67^c	7.65 ± 0.31^b	9.18 ± 0.37^c	8.67 ± 0.35^b	10.96 ± 0.94^b	15.05 ± 0.21^c	11.22 ± 0.45^c	15.05 ± 0.51^c	18.36 ± 0.73^c
48 h	6.63 ± 0.27^b	8.41 ± 0.84^b	11.47 ± 0.96^b	8.41 ± 0.84^b	11.47 ± 0.96^b	15.30 ± 0.32^c	9.43 ± 0.88^c	19.89 ± 0.80^b	25.51 ± 0.02^b
72 h	10.20 ± 0.41^a	12.50 ± 0^a	16.07 ± 0.14^a	15.30 ± 0.61^a	20.40 ± 0.82^a	24.48 ± 0.98^a	21.17 ± 0.35^b	30.61 ± 0.22^a	32.65 ± 0.31^a
84 h	10.45 ± 0.92^a	11.98 ± 0.36^a	15.05 ± 0.11^a	15.56 ± 0.12^a	20.40 ± 0.72^a	20.66 ± 0.33^b	25.25 ± 0.51^a	30.10 ± 0.20^a	31.88 ± 0.78^a
F-value	29.77 ^**	24.77 ^**	89.28 ^***	54.07 ^**	57.68 ^***	70.51 ^***	92.40 ^***	74.36 ^***	47.643 ^**
Eosin
24 h	0	0	0.60 ± 0.24^b	0	0	1.20 ± 0.48	0	0.30 ± 0.12^c	0.30 ± 0.12^c
48 h	1.50 ± 0.60^a	0.30 ± 0.12^b	0	1.80 ± 0.72	1.20 ± 0.48	3.61 ± 0.45	2.10 ± 0.84^b	2.40 ± 0.96^b	5.12 ± 0.05^b
72 h	2.40 ± 0.96^a	1.50 ± 0.6^b	0	4.21 ± 0.69	7.22 ± 0.89	5.42 ± 0.17	6.02 ± 0.41^a	10.54 ± 0.22^a	11.74 ± 0.70^a
84 h	2.10 ± 0.84^a	5.12 ± 0.05^a	6.62 ± 0.65^a	1.20 ± 0.48	9.03 ± 0.61	9.63 ± 0.86	7.53 ± 0.01^a	10.24 ± 0.10^a	13.55 ± 0.42^a
F-value	1.689	22.15 ^**	57.33 ^***	0	0	0	13.96 ^*	123.33 ^***	137.22 ^***
Phenol red
24 h	1.12 ± 0.36^c	6.46 ± 0.07^c	13.48 ± 0.31^b	26.68 ± 0.54^b	28.93 ± 0.26^b	33.42 ± 0.37^c	40.16 ± 0.85^d	47.19 ± 0.11^c	51.82 ± 0.19^c
48 h	7.30 ± 0.34^b	12.07 ± 0.87^b	23.87 ± 0.64^a	29.21 ± 0.35^b	35.39 ± 0.33^ab	39.60 ± 0.67^b	52.19 ± 0.31^c	52.89 ± 0.33^b	57.61 ± 0.24^b
72 h	13.76 ± 0.40^a	17.41 ± 0.57^a	27.52 ± 0.81^a	42.13 ± 0.48^a	42.41 ± 0.57^a	47.75 ± 0.28^a	56.96 ± 0.63^b	53.37 ± 0.08^b	57.30 ± 0.34^b
84 h	12.92 ± 0.13^a	16.57 ± 0.30^a	25.00 ± 0^a	41.85 ± 0.39^a	44.38 ± 0.2^a	46.62 ± 0.92^a	60.53 ± 0.37^a	61.79 ± 0.78^a	64.32 ± 0.58^a
F-value	23.79 ^**	55.69 ^**	24.85 ^**	62.74 ^***	7.19 ^*	30.52 ^**	146.96 ^***	161.47 ^***	51.57 ^**

Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviations of values from triplicate experiments

* significant difference at p < 0.05

** significant difference at p < 0.01

***significant difference at p < 0.001

The values in the same column with the same letter for each dye are not significant different

SmChiA: chitinase A from S. marcescens

RHP: rice husk powder