. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.

Published in final edited form as: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023 Apr 12;33(3):821–832. doi: 10.1007/s00787-023-02204-w

Table 2.

Sleep outcomes by stimulant medication receipt

Between individual	No stimulant tx (n = 66)		Stimulant tx (n = 93)		Group differences

	M	SD	M	SD	t, p
Bedtime^a	10:40 pm	87 min	10:26 pm	79 min	− 3.04,0 < .01
SOL (minutes)^a	18.13	25.84	23.55	33.44	4.73,0 < .01
Sleep onset time^b	23.27	1.68	23.18	1.49	0.28, 0.78
Sleep duration (hours)^a	7.97	1.67	8.02	1.78	2.38, 0.02
Total time in bed (minutes)^b	483.04	86.83	477.07	94.23	− 1.45, 0.15
Sleep efficiency^b	80.89	7.53	80.36	8.19	− 1.39, 0.17
Daytime sleepiness^a	5.48	2.11	5.25	2.00	− .07, 0.94
Difficulty waking^a	5.59	1.84	5.35	1.8	− 3.57, 0 < .01
Within individual	Unmedicated days (n = 777)		Medicated days (n = 1335)		Mean differences

	M	SD	M	SD	t, p
Bedtime^a	10:28 pm	76.80	10:28 pm	78.00	2.12, 0.03
SOL (minutes)^a	26.59	40.65	23.72	31.65	− 2.16, 0.03
Sleep onset time^b	11:19 pm	87.00	11:16 pm	74.52	0.37, 0.71
Sleep duration (hours)^a	8.19	2.08	7.92	1.62	− 2.20, 0.031
Total time in bed (minutes)^b	476.83	97.74	477.53	92.01	0.80, 0.42
Sleep efficiency^b	80.17	8.37	80.34	8.14	0.24, 0.81
Daytime sleepiness^a	5.02	1.81	5.45	1.84	1.70, 0.09
Difficulty waking^a	5.39	2.00	5.34	2.01	0.46, 0.65

Sleep indices measured with daily diaries.

Sleep indices measured with actigraphy. Tx treatment. M mean. SD standard deviation. Note: statistically significant mean differences are bolded