Table 3.
Adjusted associations between daily medication usage and sleep outcomes
| Bedtimea | SOLa | Sleep onset timeb |
Sleep durationa |
Total time in bedb |
Sleep Efficiencyb | Daytime sleepinessa |
Difficulty wakinga |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | |
| Between ind. estimate | ||||||||
| Overall | − 0.23 (− 0.53, 0.07) | 1.56 (− 2.71, 6.02) | 0.05 (− 0.59, 0.42) | 0.14 (− 0.22, 0.52) | − 3.33 (− 22.88, 31.12) | − 0.39 (− 1.21, 0.48) | − 0.35 (− 0.94, 0.22) | − 0.21 (− 0.83, 0.38) |
| Excluding sleep aids | − 0.31 (− 0.71, 0.09) | − 0.76 (− 4.72, 3.19) | − 0.14 (− 0.59, 0.28) | − 0.13 (− 0.61, 0.34) | − 14.89 (− 36.33, 7.29) | − 0.17 (− 3.75, 3.03) | − 0.31 (− 1.06, 0.44) | 0.01 (− 0.71, 0.74) |
| Amphetamine users | − 0.44 (− 0.96, 0.06) | − 1.69 (− 6.00, 2.63) | 0.11 (− 0.61, 0.40) | 0.11 (− 0.64, 0.85) | − 5.32 (− 36.90, 37.65) | 0.60 (− 2.40, 3.70) | − 0.39 (− 1.16, 0.35) | 0.52 (− 0.34, 1.29) |
| Methylphenidate users | − 0.50 (− 1.06, 0.04) | − 0.53 (− 4.65, 3.66) | 0.22 (− 0.75, 0.32) | −0.23 (− 0.87, 0.34) | − 26.43 (− 51.59, 1.97) | − 2.19 (− 5.22, 1.09) | − 0.93 (− 1.92, 0.05) | − 0.50 (− 1.29, 0.41) |
| Excluding weekends | − 0.43 (− 0.85, − 0.00) | 0.37 (− 4.64, 5.08) | − 0.02 (− 0.49, 0.44) | − 0.01 (− 0.57, 0.58) | − 11.01 (− 30.59, 8.72) | − 0.40 (− 2.83, 2.18) | − 0.76 (− 1.58, 0.13) | 0.08 (− 0.75, 0.95) |
| Within ind. Estimate | ||||||||
| Overall | 0.01 (− 0.10, 0.14) | 0.00 (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.02 (− 0.13, 0.17) | − 0.20 (− 0.39, −0.01) | − 8.18 (− 22.88, 31.12) | 0.42 (− 2.54, 1.83) | 0.30 (0.11, 0.47) | 0.05 (− 0.04, 0.15) |
| Excluding sleep aids | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.001 (< 0.01, 0.02) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | − 0.03 (− 0.56, 0.53) | − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.02) | 0.004 (− 0.00, 0.01) | 0.00 (− 0.00, 0.01) |
| Amphetamine users | − 0.00 (-− .01, 0.01) | 0.12 (0.08, 0.17) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | − 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.002) | − 0.12 (− 0.79, 0.59) | − 0.05 (− 0.09, < 0.01) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | − 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) |
| Methylphenidate users | 0.01 (− 0.00, 0.02) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | 0.00 (0< 0.01, 0.02) | 0.01 (0< 0.01, 0.02) | 0.19 (− 0.34, 0.74) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.03) |
| Excluding weekends | 0.01 (0< 0.01, 0.01) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.01 (0< 0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (0< 0.01, 0.01) | − 0.31 (− 0.56, − 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.05) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) |
a
Sleep indices measured with daily diaries.
b
Sleep indices measured with actigraphy. Ind individual. SOL sleep onset latency. Credibility intervals that do not include zero indicate statistically significant associations (in bold)