Table 2.
Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between training cohort and validation cohort
| Variables | The training cohort (n = 806) | The validation cohort (n = 345) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| General information, median (IQR) or n (%) | |||
| Age (years) | 51(30–71) | 47 (29–66) | 0.082 |
| Length of stay | 15 (7–28) | 17(7–28) | 0.840 |
| Gender | 0.870 | ||
| Male | 449 (55.7) | 194(56.2) | |
| Female | 357 (44.3) | 151(43.8) | |
| Result | 0.923 | ||
| Yes | 129 (16) | 56 (16.2) | |
| No | 677 (84) | 289 (83.8) | |
| Treatment-related factors, n (%) | |||
| Mechanical ventilation | 0.993 | ||
| Yes | 126 (15.6) | 54 (15.7) | |
| No | 680 (84.4) | 291 (84.3) | |
| Indwelling urethral catheter | 0.885 | ||
| Yes | 98 (12.2) | 43(12.5) | |
| No | 708 (87.8) | 302 (87.5) | |
| Indwelling central venous catheterization | 0.590 | ||
| Yes | 87(10.8) | 41(11.9) | |
| No | 719 (89.2) | 304 (89.2) | |
| Abdominal puncture and drainage | 0.489 | ||
| Yes | 8 (1) | 2 (0.6) | |
| No | 798 (99) | 343 (994) | |
| Closed thoracic drainage | 0.887 | ||
| Yes | 15 (1.9) | 6 (1.7) | |
| No | 791 (98.1) | 339 (98.3) | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 0.487 | ||
| Yes | 22 (2.7) | 7 (2) | |
| No | 784 (97.3) | 338 (98) | |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 0.166 | ||
| Yes | 9 (1.1) | 1 (0.3) | |
| No | 797 (98.9) | 344 (99.7) | |
| Immunosuppressive therapy within 1 months | 0.173 | ||
| Yes | 56 (6.9) | 32 (9.3) | |
| No | 750 (93.1) | 313 (90.7) | |
| History of underlying disease, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes | 0.012 | ||
| Yes | 165 (20.5) | 49 (14.2) | |
| No | 641 (79.5) | 296 (85.8) | |
| Hypertension | 0.570 | ||
| Yes | 221 (27.4) | 89 (25.8) | |
| No | 585 (72.6) | 256 (74.2) | |
| Chronic ischemic heart disease | 0.297 | ||
| Yes | 90 (11.2) | 46 (13.3) | |
| No | 716 (88.8) | 299 (86.7) | |
| Intracerebral haemorrhage | 0.100 | ||
| Yes | 7 (0.9) | 7 (2.0) | |
| No | 799 (99.1) | 338 (98.8) | |
| Lung cancer | 0.456 | ||
| Yes | 4 (0.5) | 3 (0.9) | |
| No | 802 (99.5) | 342 (99.1) | |
| Cerebral infarction | 0.545 | ||
| Yes | 55 (6.8) | 27 (7.8) | |
| No | 751 (93.2) | 318 (92.2) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.798 | ||
| Yes | 8 (1) | 4 (1.2) | |
| No | 798 (99) | 341 (98.8) | |
| Thyroidectomy | 0.063 | ||
| Yes | 8 (1) | 0 (0) | |
| No | 798 (99) | 345 (100) | |
| Splenectomy | 0.624 | ||
| Yes | 3(0.4) | 2 (0.6) | |
| No | 803 (99.6) | 343 (99.4) | |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.282 | ||
| Yes | 45 (5.6) | 14(4.1) | |
| No | 761 (94.4) | 331 (95.9) | |
| Leukemia | 0.456 | ||
| Yes | 4 (0.5) | 3 (0.9) | |
| No | 802 (99.5) | 342 (99.1) | |
| AIDS | 0.908 | ||
| Yes | 10 (1.2) | 4 (1.2) | |
| No | 796 (98.8) | 341(98.8) | |
| Structural lung disease | 0.467 | ||
| Yes | 51(6.3) | 18 (5.2) | |
| No | 755 (93.7) | 327 (94.8) | |
| Chronic liver disease | 0.442 | ||
| Yes | 36 (4.5) | 12 (3.5) | |
| No | 770 (95.5) | 333 (96.5) | |
| Laboratory variables, median (IQR) | |||
| White blood cell (10^9/L) | 6.01 (4.44–8.12) | 5.93(4.31–8.58) | 0.750 |
| Neutrophil (10^9/L) | 3.97 (2.62–6.10) | 3.89(2.57–6.37) | 0.944 |
| Lymphocyte (10^9/L) | 1.16 (0.74–1.72) | 1.31(0.77–1.84) | 0.145 |
| Lymphocyte (%) | 20.5 (11.58–32.43) | 23.4 (11.4–35) | 0.121 |
| Monocyte (10^9/L) | 0.42 (0.27–0.6) | 0.40(0.28–0.55) | 0.117 |
| Eosimophil (10^9/L) | 0.02 (0.00-0.06) | 0.02(0-0.06) | 0.572 |
| Basophil (10^9/L) | 0.01 (0.00-0.02) | 0.01(0-0.02) | 0.379 |
| Red blood cell (10^12/L) | 4.43 (3.98–4.88) | 4.52(4.07–4.88) | 0.530 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 132 (117–147) | 132(119–146) | 0.686 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 39.3 (35.18–43.1) | 39.40(35.70–43.10) | 0.562 |
| Mean corpusular volume (fl.) | 89.10 (86.00-92.43) | 89.30(85.90–92.90) | 0.626 |
| Mean corpusular hemoglobin concerntration (g/L) | 337(328–345) | 336(327–345) | 0.220 |
| Red cell distribution width-coefficient of variation (%) | 12.7 (12.3–13.5) | 12.8(12.3–13.5) | 0.408 |
| Mean platelet volume (fl.) | 10.3(9.7–11) | 10.3(9.7–11) | 0.396 |
| Platelet distribution width (%) | 11.85 (10.68–13.50) | 11.9(10.8–13.6) | 0.266 |
| Platelet -larger cell ratio (%) | 26.9 (22.3–32.4) | 27.8(22.8–32.6) | 0.363 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 216.55(180.68–283.3) | 223.53(178-303.9) | 0.673 |
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 80.6 (52.65–132.1) | 78.6(53.2-135.3) | 0.900 |
| Creatine kinase isoenzymes (U/L) | 15.7(12.4–20.3) | 16(12.45–21.1) | 0.672 |
| α-Hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (U/L) | 177(148-225.05) | 182(148-240.5) | 0.211 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 13.20(2.33–50.23) | 11.10(1.75–51.45) | 0.385 |
| Serum potassium (mmol·L) | 3.75 (3.45–4.03) | 3.67(3.38–3.99) | 0.017 |
| Serum sodium (mmol·L) | 139(135.9-141.3) | 139.4(136.5-141.45) | 0.093 |
| Serum chlorine (mmol·L) | 102.7(99.7-105.1) | 103.1(100.4-105.3) | 0.077 |
| Serum calcium (mmol·L) | 2.21(2.08–2.31) | 2.20(2.07–2.3) | 0.523 |
| Serum phosphorus (mmol.L) | 1.06(0.88–1.23) | 1.02(0.84–1.23) | 0.066 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 4.70(3.62–6.52) | 4.67(3.61–6.14) | 0.394 |
| Creatinine(µmol/L) | 65.75(51.88–82.43) | 65.5(51.10-78.55) | 0.253 |
| Uric acid (µmol/L) | 293(226-365.25) | 275(217–352) | 0.049 |
| Blood glucose (mmol·L) | 6.11(5.19–7.81) | 5.90(5.07–7.94) | 0.263 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 23.9(21.9–25.9) | 24(21.9-26.05) | 0.770 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 12.1(11.4–13.1) | 12.1(11.39–12.9) | 0.263 |
| Activeated partial thromboplasting time (s) | 31.2(28.9–34) | 31.1(28.8-33.55) | 0.297 |
| Prothrombin time ratio (%) | 1.11(1.05–1.2) | 1.11(1.05–1.19) | 0.356 |
| International normalized ratio (%) | 1.11(1.05–1.2) | 1.11(1.05–1.19) | 0.388 |
| Thrombin time (s) | 14.6(13.5–15.9) | 14.6(13.5–16) | 0.712 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 0.54(0.27–1.12) | 0.41(0.25–0.97) | 0.029 |
| Alanine amiotransferase (U/L) | 21.4(13.78–33.5) | 19.6(13.7-31.45) | 0.220 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 24.35(18.28–34.7) | 23.5(17.75–33.75) | 0.364 |
| Total bilirubin (µmol·L) | 9.2(6.60–12.8) | 9.1(6.55–12.4) | 0.801 |
| Direct bilirubi (µmol·L) | 3.4(2.3–4.9) | 3.3(2.2–12.4) | 0.454 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 70(64.88–74.5) | 69.9(64.85–74.1) | 0.534 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 41.1(35.38–45.03) | 41(36.55–44.55) | 0.961 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 29.1(26.08–32.5) | 28.7(25.8-31.71) | 0.134 |
| Cholinesterase (U/L) | 6902.5 (5165.75-8236.04) | 6975(5525–8109) | 0.786 |
Quantitative data with non-normal distributions were presented as median (25%−75%)
Categorical data were expressed as n (%); Result
Whether there is a drug-resistant bacterial infection, with “Yes” indicating infection and “No” indicating non-infection