. 2025 Aug 25;23:49. doi: 10.1186/s12963-025-00402-z

Table 3.

Characteristics of the study respondents (n = 572)

Variable	Baseline analysis (n = 572)^	Singapore 2024 population estimate
Age (mean (SD)), years 21–44 45–64 ≥65	47.0 (16.6) 263 (46.0%) 209 (36.5%) 100 (17.5%)	43.7 33.3 22.9
Gender Male Female	275 (48.1%) 297 (51.9%)	48.3 51.7
Ethnicity Chinese Malay Indian Others	395 (69.1%) 97 (17.0%) 56 (9.8%) 24 (4.2%)	75.5 12.5 8.7 3.3
BMI (mean (SD)), kg/m² <23 23-27.5 >27.5	25.4 (5.2) 193 (33.7%) 218 (38.1%) 161 (28.1%)
Housing type HDB 1/2 room HDB 3 room HDB 4 room HDB 5 room/Executive flat Condominium/private apartment Landed property	19 (3.3%) 40 (7.0%) 184 (32.2%) 202 (35.3%) 91 (15.9%) 36 (6.3%)
Monthly personal income* <=1,000 1,000–2,999 3,000–4,999 5,000–6,999 7,000–9,999 >=10,000	164 (28.7%) 90 (15.7%) 138 (24.1%) 76 (13.3%) 63 (11.0%) 41 (7.2%)
Highest education level No formal education Primary Secondary Post-secondary (non-tertiary) Diploma Bachelor’s degree Masters and above	4 (0.7%) 11 (1.9%) 114 (19.9%) 94 (16.4%) 136 (23.8%) 161 (28.1%) 52 (9.1%)
Presence of chronic disease No Yes	261 (45.6%) 311 (54.4%)
Has diabetes No Yes	469 (82.0%) 103 (18.0%)
Has hypertension No Yes	415 (72.6%) 157 (27.4%)
Has hyperlipidemia No Yes	409 (71.5%) 163 (28.5%)
Has other chronic disease No Yes	513 (89.7%) 59 (10.3%)
Has multi-morbidity (≥ 3 chronic conditions) No Yes	518 (90.6%) 54 (9.4%)
Self-rated general health^† Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor	19 (3.3%) 123 (21.5%) 292 (51.0%) 134 (23.4%) 4 (0.7%)
CHAI (mean (SD))	77.9 (10.9)
EQ-5D-5 L index (mean (SD))	0.894 (0.163)
EQ-VAS (mean (SD))	77.0 (12.7)
MHLC (mean (SD))	26.1 (3.9)

Variable

Baseline analysis (n = 572)^

Singapore 2024 population estimate

Age (mean (SD)), years

21–44

45–64

≥65

47.0 (16.6)

263 (46.0%)

209 (36.5%)

100 (17.5%)

43.7

33.3

22.9

Gender

Male

Female

275 (48.1%)

297 (51.9%)

48.3

51.7

Ethnicity

Chinese

Malay

Indian

Others

395 (69.1%)

97 (17.0%)

56 (9.8%)

24 (4.2%)

75.5

12.5

8.7

3.3

BMI (mean (SD)), kg/m²

<23

23-27.5

>27.5

25.4 (5.2)

193 (33.7%)

218 (38.1%)

161 (28.1%)

Housing type

HDB 1/2 room

HDB 3 room

HDB 4 room

HDB 5 room/Executive flat

Condominium/private apartment

Landed property

19 (3.3%)

40 (7.0%)

184 (32.2%)

202 (35.3%)

91 (15.9%)

36 (6.3%)

Monthly personal income*

<=1,000

1,000–2,999

3,000–4,999

5,000–6,999

7,000–9,999

>=10,000

164 (28.7%)

90 (15.7%)

138 (24.1%)

76 (13.3%)

63 (11.0%)

41 (7.2%)

Highest education level

No formal education

Primary

Secondary

Post-secondary (non-tertiary)

Diploma

Bachelor’s degree

Masters and above

4 (0.7%)

11 (1.9%)

114 (19.9%)

94 (16.4%)

136 (23.8%)

161 (28.1%)

52 (9.1%)

Presence of chronic disease

Yes

261 (45.6%)

311 (54.4%)

Has diabetes

Yes

469 (82.0%)

103 (18.0%)

Has hypertension

Yes

415 (72.6%)

157 (27.4%)

Has hyperlipidemia

Yes

409 (71.5%)

163 (28.5%)

Has other chronic disease

Yes

513 (89.7%)

59 (10.3%)

Has multi-morbidity (≥ 3 chronic conditions)

Yes

518 (90.6%)

54 (9.4%)

Self-rated general health^†

Excellent

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

19 (3.3%)

123 (21.5%)

292 (51.0%)

134 (23.4%)

4 (0.7%)

CHAI (mean (SD))

77.9 (10.9)

EQ-5D-5 L index (mean (SD))

0.894 (0.163)

EQ-VAS (mean (SD))

77.0 (12.7)

MHLC (mean (SD))

26.1 (3.9)

^Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding

*In Singapore dollars

†SF-36 Item 1

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; CHAI, Community Health Activation Index; MHLC, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control; SD, Standard Deviation