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. 2025 Aug 11;12:1621709. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1621709

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Copyright © 2025 Panda, Kruse, Williams, Nance, Gudavalli, Pourafshar, Metzger and Komarnytsky.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Study timeline diagram showing two sequences. Both sequences begin with signed consent, followed by Step 1 (days 1-7) and Step 2 (days 8-21), separated by a 14-day washout period. Sequence 1 has Step 1 as control and Step 2 as intervention; sequence 2 is reversed. Visit 1 (baseline) includes anthropometrics, questionnaires, blood and urine biomarkers, and fecal microbiome. Visit 2 (day 22) involves questionnaires, blood and urine biomarkers, and fecal microbiome. Visit 3 (day 36) and Visit 4 (day 58) assess blood and urine biomarkers and fecal microbiome. Control and intervention are labeled. — Study visits and sample collection timepoints.