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. 2025 Aug 11;16:1644051. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1644051

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Copyright © 2025 Szarek, Frankowska, Kabała, Smits, Wultańska, Lalowski, Pituch, Iwanicki, Hinc, Harmanus, Sanders, Wojtyczka and Wąsik.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phylogenetic tree diagram showing genetic relationships among various Clostridioides difficilestrains, with strain names labeled on the right. Next to the tree, the presence or absence of selected genetic markers: gyrA, ermB, rpoB, PnimB, nimB, and ribotype (RT)- is represented by distinct colors according to a legend at the bottom. The figure highlights genetic diversity and clustering patterns based on the distribution of these markers. — SNP-phylogenetic tree of selected C. difficile ST1 isolates (clade 2).