Table 1.

Measurement of constructs and items.

Construct	Sample items	Source
Facebook intensity	“Facebook is part of my everyday activity”	Adapted from Ellison et al. (2007)
Bonding social capital	“I trust my family members, neighbors, and community members”	Adapted from Williams (2006) and Williams (2019)
Bridging social capital	“Most of the organizations represent my interests.”	Adapted from Williams (2006) and Ahmad et al. (2022)
Identity construction	“I know exactly what I feel and want.”	Adapted from Cheung and Lee (2010) and Mei and Symaco (2022)
Network size	“I talk to a lot of people every day.”	Self-constructed based on Lin (2001) and Putnam (2000)
Network diversity	“My personal and social circle includes people of different races and ethnicities.”	Adapted from Putnam (2000) and Lin (2001)