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. 2025 Aug 25;19:98. doi: 10.1186/s13034-025-00953-x

Table 2.

Multilevel mediation analysis: association between social capital and school absence through depression

Step 0 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
School absence School absence Depression Depression School absence
β (SE) β (SE) β (SE) β (SE)
Student-level
Sex –0.03 (0.01)** 0.03 (0.01)* –0.04 (0.01)**
Grade –0.04 (0.01)*** 0.02 (0.02) –0.05 (0.02)**
School social capital –0.05 (0.01)*** –0.48 (0.01)*** –0.48 (0.01)*** –0.00 (0.02)
Perceived safety –0.02 (0.01) –0.13 (0.01)*** –0.13 (0.01)*** –0.01 (0.01)
Neighborhood social capital –0.02 (0.01) –0.04 (0.01)*** –0.04 (0.01)*** –0.02 (0.01)
School-level
School social capital 0.24 (0.22) –0.53 (0.18)*** –0.57(0.20)** 0.08 (0.28)
Perceived safety –0.68 (0.17)** –0.19 (0.22) –0.17 (0.21) –0.70 (0.17)**
Neighborhood social capital 0.19 (0.23) –0.35 (0.20) –0.31 (0.21) 0.06 (0.27)
Student-level mediator
Depression in the 1-1-1 model 0.11 (0.01)***
Depression in the 2-1-1 model –0.31 (0.30)
Model Information criteria
R2 at individual-level 0.01*** 0.31*** 0.30*** 0.02***
R2 at school-level 0.65*** 0.54*** 0.55*** 0.69***
Deviance (DIC) 16867.75 60729.75 58068.16 57947.65

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001