Table 1.
Sociodemographic, clinical and behavioral characteristics of study participants, Accra, Ghana
| Characteristic | Frequency (n = 347) n (%) | MetS status n (%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(n = 53) | Absent (n = 294) | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 135 (38.9) | 19 (14.1) | 116 (39.5) | 0.62 |
| Female | 212 (61.1) | 34 (64.2) | 178 (60.6) | |
|
Age Median (25th–75th percentiles) 38 (29–45) | ||||
| < 25 | 42 (12.1) | 3 (5.7) | 39 (13.3) | 0.02* |
| 25–49 | 253 (72.9) | 36 (67.9) | 217 (73.8) | |
| > 50 | 52 (14.9) | 14 (26.4) | 38 (12.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight: <18.5 | 80 (23.1) | 18 (34.6) | 143 (25.5) | < 0.00* |
| Healthy: 18.5–24.9 | 166 (47.8) | 6 (11.5) | 74 (49.3) | |
| Overweight: 25–30 | 53 (15.3) | 9 (17.3) | 44 (15.2) | |
| Obese: >30 | 48 (13.8) | 19 (36.5) | 29 (10.0) | |
| WHO HIV Clinical stage at enrolment | ||||
| Stage 1 | 176 (50.7) | 29 (54.7) | 147 (50.0) | 0.46 |
| Stage 2 | 83 (23.9) | 12 (22.6) | 71 (24.2) | |
| Stage 3 | 75 (21.6) | 12 (22.6) | 63 (21.4) | |
| Stage 4 | 13 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (4.4) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never consumed | 220 (63.4) | 30 (56.6) | 190 (64.6) | 0.12 |
| Previous drinker | 33 (9.5) | 9 (16.9) | 24 (8.2) | |
| Current drinker | 94 (27.1) | 14 (26.4) | 80 (27.2) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never smoked | 306 (88.2) | 49 (92.5) | 257 (87.4) | 0.49 |
| Previous smoker | 27 (7.8) | 2 (3.8) | 25 (8.5) | |
| Current smoker | 14 (4.0) | 2 (3.8) | 12 (4.1) | |
| Exercise habits | ||||
| No exercise | 55 (15.9) | 7 (13.2) | 48 (16.3) | 0.52 |
| Low Intensity | 143 (57.1) | 19 (35.9) | 124 (42.2) | |
| Moderate Intensity | 68 (19.6) | 14 (26.4) | 54 (18.4) | |
| High Intensity | 81 (23.3) | 13 (24.5) | 68 (23.1) | |
| Number of MetS Sub-Components at baseline | ||||
| None | 33 (9.5) | – | 33 (11.2) | < 0.00* |
| One | 121 (34.9) | – | 121 (41.2) | |
| Two | 140 (40.4) | – | 140 (47.6) | |
| Three | 46 (13.3) | 46 (86.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Four | 7 (2.0) | 7 (13.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
BMI = Body Mass Index; HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus; MetS = Metabolic Syndrome; WHO = World Health Organization
*Statistically significant