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. 2025 Aug 25;22:83. doi: 10.1186/s12981-025-00783-z

Table 2.

Factors associated with metabolic syndrome among ART Naïve PLWH, Accra, Ghana, 2023

Variable MetS Status Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Present n (%) Absent n (%)
Age (years) Median (25th–75th percentiles)
 38 (29–45) 1 53/347 (15.3) 294/347 (84.7) 1.04 (1.2–7.2) 1.04 (1.01–1.07)
BMI (kg/m2)
 Healthy (18.5–24.9) 18/161 (11.2) 143/161 (88.8) Reference Reference
 Underweight (< 18.5) 6/80 (7.5) 74/80 (92.5) 0.6 (0.2–17) 0.6 (0.2–1.7)
 Overweight/Obese (≥ 25) 28/101 (27.7) 73/53 (72.3) 3.0 (1.6–5.9) 3.2 (1.6–6.3)
Alcohol consumption
 Never consumed 30/220 (13.6) 190/220 (86.4) Reference Reference
 Previous consumer 9/33 (27.3) 24/33 (72.7) 2.4 (1.0–5.6) 2.2 (0.9–5.4)
 Current consumer 14/94 (14.9) 80/94 (85.1) 1.1 (0.6–2.2) 1.1 (0.5–2.2)

BMI = Body Mass Index; OR = Odds Ratio; MetS = Metabolic Syndrome