Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by social isolation status stratified by metabolic syndrome status in the UK biobank and NHANES populations
| UK biobank | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population with Mets | Population without Mets | ||||||||
| Characteristic |
Overall N = 75,190 |
Not isolate N = 63,512 |
Social isolated N = 11,678 |
p | Characteristic |
Overall N = 229,388 |
Not isolate N = 198,877 |
Social isolated N = 3 0,511 |
p |
| Age | 58.26 (7.56) | 58.41 (7.55) | 57.42 (7.57) | < 0.001 | Age | 55.00 (8.11) | 55.06 (8.14) | 54.60 (7.87) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 30.69 (4.76) | 30.62 (4.69) | 31.08 (5.10) | < 0.001 | BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 25.85 (3.74) | 25.86 (3.69) | 25.77 (4.01) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | Sex | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Female | 32,176(42.79) | 27,376(43.10) | 4800 (41.10) | Female | 123,159 (53.69) | 108,421 (54.52) | 14,738 (48.30) | ||
| Male | 43,014(57.21) | 36,136(56.90) | 6878 (58.90) | Male | 106,229 (46.31) | 90,456 (45.48) | 15,773 (51.70) | ||
| Race | < 0.001 | Race | 0.06 | ||||||
| White | 71,357(94.90) | 60,430(95.15) | 10,927(93.57) | White | 220,321 (96.05) | 191,523 (96.30) | 28,798 (94.39) | ||
| Non-White | 3833 (5.10) | 3082 (4.85) | 751 (6.43) | Non-white | 9067 (3.95) | 7354 (3.70) | 1713 (5.61) | ||
| Education levels | < 0.001 | Education levels | < 0.001 | ||||||
| High-quality | 13,398(17.82) | 11,072(17.43) | 2326(19.92) | High-quality | 23,578 (10.28) | 19,938 (10.03) | 3640 (11.93) | ||
| Medium-quality | 39,652(52.74) | 33,794(53.21) | 5858(50.16) | Medium-quality | 112,046 (48.85) | 98,213 (49.38) | 13,833 (45.34) | ||
| Low-quality | 22,140(29.45) | 18,646(29.36) | 3494(29.92) | Low-quality | 93,764 (40.88) | 80,726 (40.59) | 13,038 (42.73) | ||
| Income levels | < 0.001 | Income levels | < 0.001 | ||||||
| <£18,000 | 20,255(26.94) | 15,823(24.91) | 4432(37.95) | <£18,000 | 39,295 (17.13) | 31,112 (15.64) | 8183 (26.82) | ||
| £18,000–£51,999 | 39,369(52.36) | 34,101(53.69) | 5268(45.11) | £18,000–£51,999 | 118,124 (51.50) | 103,476 (52.03) | 14,648 (48.01) | ||
| ≥£52,000 | 15,566(20.70) | 13,588(21.39) | 1978(16.94) | ≥£52,000 | 71,969 (31.37) | 64,289 (32.33) | 7680 (25.17) | ||
| No Smoking | 44,112(58.67) | 37,856(59.60) | 6256(53.57) | < 0.001 | No Smoking | 160,618 (70.02) | 140,736 (70.77) | 19,882 (65.16) | < 0.001 |
| Healthy drinking | 40,221(53.49) | 32,758(51.58) | 7463(63.91) | < 0.001 | Healthy drinking | 102,862 (44.84) | 86,074 (43.28) | 16,788 (55.02) | < 0.001 |
| High quality diet | 17,520(23.30) | 14,814(23.32) | 2706(23.17) | 0.719 | High quality diet | 66,845 (29.14) | 58,017 (29.17) | 8828 (28.93) | 0.39 |
| Physical active | 56,312 (74.89) | 48,876 (76.96) | 7436 (63.68) | < 0.001 | Physical active | 190,152 (82.90) | 168,018 (84.48) | 22,134 (72.54) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidity | 38,936 (51.78) | 32,783 (51.62) | 6153 (52.69) | 0.033 | Comorbidity | 47,281 (20.61) | 40,926 (20.58) | 6355 (20.83) | 0.315 |
| Family history | 38,975 (51.84) | 33,047 (52.03) | 5928 (50.76) | 0.012 | Family history | 77,696 (33.87) | 67,401 (33.89) | 10,295 (33.74) | 0.609 |
| All-cause mortality | 6817 (9.07) | 5475 (8.62) | 1342(11.49) | < 0.001 | All-cause mortality | 11,026 (4.81) | 9068 (4.56) | 1958 (6.42) | < 0.001 |
| CVDM | 1114 (1.48) | 877 (1.38) | 237 (2.03) | < 0.001 | CVDM | 1180 (0.51) | 939 (0.47) | 241 (0.79) | < 0.001 |
| CAM | 3174 (4.22) | 2607 (4.10) | 567 (4.86) | < 0.001 | CAM | 5987 (2.61) | 5049 (2.54) | 938 (3.07) | < 0.001 |
| OTM | 2529 (3.36) | 1991 (3.13) | 538 (4.61) | < 0.001 | OTM | 3859 (1.68) | 3080 (1.55) | 779 (2.55) | < 0.001 |
| Premature death < 70 | 1382(1.98) | 1055(1.79) | 327 (3.07) | < 0.001 | Premature death < 70 | 5529 (2.47) | 4477 (2.30) | 1052 (3.55) | < 0.001 |
| NHANES | |||||||||
| Characteristic |
Overall N = 5758 |
Not isolate N = 4553 |
Social isolated N = 1205 |
p | Characteristic |
Overall N = 7448 |
Not isolate N = 5868 |
Social isolated N = 1580 |
p |
| Age | 64.08(10.74) | 64.25(10.51) | 63.07(12.00) | < 0.001 | Age | 61.97(11.91) | 62.52(11.54) | 58.50(13.51) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 32.59(6.23) | 32.42(6.06) | 33.59(7.06) | < 0.001 | BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 25.96(5.00) | 25.99(4.86) | 25.77(5.65) | 0.024 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | Sex | 0.013 | ||||||
| Female | 2356(42.20) | 1991(44.50) | 365(28.60) | Female | 4107(50.40) | 3286(51.20) | 821(45.50) | ||
| Male | 3402(57.80) | 2562(55.50) | 840(71.40) | Male | 3341(49.60) | 2582(48.80) | 759(54.50) | ||
| Race | 0.06 | Race | 0.033 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2903(76.90) | 2235(22.70) | 620(25.90) | Non-hispanic white | 3842(78.40) | 2817(21.10) | 789(24.70) | ||
| Others | 2855(23.10) | 2318(77.30) | 585(74.10) | Others | 3606(21.60) | 3051(78.90) | 791(75.30) | ||
| Education levels | < 0.001 | Education levels | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Below high school | 1859(20.60) | 1383(19.40) | 476(27.20) | Below high school | 2070(16.90) | 1543(15.80) | 527(23.90) | ||
| High school and equal | 1950(31.00) | 1482(30.10) | 468(36.50) | High school and equal | 2506(29.30) | 1848(27.80) | 658(38.70) | ||
| Above high school | 1949(48.40) | 1688(50.40) | 261(36.3) | Above high school | 2872(53.80) | 2477(56.40) | 395(37.40) | ||
| Poverty income ratio | < 0.001 | Poverty income ratio | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 0–1.0 | 746(12.30) | 558(10.57) | 188(22.50) | 0–1.0 | 624(9.20) | 482(8.20) | 142(15.60) | ||
| 1.1-3.0 | 1551(34.50) | 1340(35.20) | 211(30.90) | 1.1-3.0 | 1366(25.20) | 1237(26.30) | 129(18.20) | ||
| > 3.0 | 3461(53.20) | 806(54.30) | 806(46.60) | > 3.0 | 5458(65.60) | 1309(65.50) | 1309(66.20) | ||
| No Smoking | 2725(44.80) | 2182(45.40) | 543(41.10) | 0.04 | No Smoking | 3269(44.60) | 2711(46.20) | 558(34.00) | < 0.001 |
| Healthy drinking | 5038(84.60) | 3967(84.50) | 1071(85.20) | 0.66 | Healthy drinking | 6566(84.80) | 5213(85.70) | 1353(78.60) | < 0.001 |
| High quality diet | 2986(51.20) | 2399(52.40) | 587(44.10) | 0.001 | High quality diet | 4061(55.00) | 3318(56.30) | 743(6.80) | < 0.001 |
| Physical active | 935(13.40) | 742(13.70) | 193(12.16) | 0.87 | Physical active | 1310(15.40) | 998(15.00) | 312(17.50) | 0.18 |
| Comorbidity | 2166(41.60) | 1666(40.70) | 500(44.10) | 0.60 | Comorbidity | 2182(32.90) | 1726(33.00) | 456(31.70) | 0.52 |
| Family history | 1108(23.70) | 865(23.40) | 243(25.70) | 0.57 | Family history | 1106(19.90) | 880(19.60) | 880(19.60) | 0.28 |
| All-cause mortality | 2453(26.20) | 1758(23.40) | 695(42.90) | < 0.001 | All-cause mortality | 3201(25.80) | 2276(22.50) | 925(46.20) | < 0.001 |
| CVDM | 941(9.24) | 679(8.31) | 262(14.70) | 0.04 | CVDM | 1152(8.13) | 803(7.07) | 349(14.80) | < 0.001 |
| CAM | 526(6.15) | 399(5.70) | 127(8.81) | 0.66 | CAM | 738(6.31) | 526(5.54) | 212(11.15) | < 0.001 |
| OTM | 986(10.85) | 680(9.39) | 306(19.40) | 0.001 | OTM | 1311(11.30) | 947(9.94) | 364(20.20) | < 0.001 |
| Premature death < 70 | 1329(13.90) | 934(12.20) | 395(24.10) | < 0.001 | Premature death < 70 | 1658(14.10) | 1141(11.70) | 517(28.70) | < 0.001 |
BMI: Body Mass Index; CAM: Cancer Mortality; CVDM: Cardiovascular Disease Mortality; Mets: Metabolic Syndrome; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OTM: Other-cause Mortality
*For continuous variables, we represent them as mean (standard deviation), while categorical variables are expressed as counts (percentages)
P-value assessment: Continuous variables are compared using the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, and categorical variables are assessed using the Chi-squared test. Additionally, bold text is used to highlight variable names, subgroup headers, and population strata, and carries no statistical implication