Table 2.
Multivariable Cox regression analyses of social isolation and all-cause, cause-specific, and premature mortality stratified by metabolic syndrome status in the UK biobank and NHANES cohorts
| UK biobank | NHANES | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mets population | Without Mets | Mets population | Without Mets | ||||||
| HR (95%CI) | p | HR (95%CI) | p | HR (95%CI) | p | HR (95%CI) | p | ||
| All-cause mortality | All-cause mortality | ||||||||
| Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Isolated | 1.30 (1.23 to 1.39) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.43 to 1.58) | <0.001 | Isolated | 1.14(1.07 to 1.21) | <0.001 | 1.60(1.39 to 1.83) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality | Cardiovascular disease mortality | ||||||||
| Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Isolated | 1.21 (1.12 to 1.31) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.52 to 2.02) | <0.001 | Isolated | 1.54(1.20 to 1.97) | <0.001 | 1.75(1.39 to 2.18) | <0.001 |
| Cancer mortality | Cancer mortality | ||||||||
| Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Isolated | 1.12 (1.07 to 1.17) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.22 to 1.40) | <0.001 | Isolated | 1.48(1.11 to 1.98) | 0.007 | 1.47(1.14 to 1.90) | 0.003 |
| Other-cause mortality | Other-cause mortality | ||||||||
| Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Isolated | 1.38 (1.26 to 1.53) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.63 to 1.91) | <0.001 | Isolated | 1.71(1.39 to 2.09) | <0.001 | 1.56(1.27 to 1.91) | <0.001 |
| Premature death < 70 | Premature death < 70 | ||||||||
| Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Not isolated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Isolated | 1.39 (1.27 to 1.51) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.44 to 1.65) | <0.001 | Isolated | 1.09(1.00 to 1.18) | 0.04 | 1.39(1.15 to 1.69) | <0.001 |
CI: Confidence Interval; HR: Hazard Ratio; Ref: reference; Mets: Metabolic Syndrome
This model adjusted for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), race, income level, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, dietary quality, family history of diabetes or heart disease, and comorbidities (including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Additionally, in the UK Biobank cohort, adjustment was made for assessment center. Complete tables of unadjusted and adjusted models are provided in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2